As I have noted elsewhere (see HERE), the cause (or causes) of Alzheimer’s Disease is unknown at present. However, according to researchers, there are certain conditions, properties, or states of affairs that seem to raise the probability that a given individual will develop Alzheimer’s. These qualities, collectively and singly, are known as risk factors.

The biggest risk factors for getting Alzheimer’s are age (your chances increase as you get older) and genetics (especially if you’re a carrier of the ApoE4 gene). But there are others as well, for example having other diseases (like diabetes and Down’s Syndrome), conditions (such as atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and traumatic brain injury), or habits (chiefly, smoking) that predispose you toward dementia.

Preliminaries

Basics

Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease in which a person experiences drastic losses in cognitive abilities and memory. Patients suffering from it develop a bunch of “junk” in their brains – protein deposits of various sorts that conglomerate into abnormal structures referred to as “plaques and tangles” – that disrupts neural signals and kills off brain cells. These structures accumulate excessively and are not considered to be a part of the “normal” aging process.

“As in [normal] aging, widespread neuron loss and decreases in synaptic density are observed, though Alzheimer’s disease results in a significant preferential effect in the neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal nucleus of Meynert… Normal aging can result in the formation of plaques and tangles, but the amount and distribution does not compare to the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, in which greater quantities are common, especially in regions such as the temporal lobe.”[1]

• For more information on the general contours of the ailment, see my “What Is Alzheimer’s Disease? A Brief Overview.”

History

“The disease was first discovered in 1906 and described in a clinical journal article in 1907 by Alois Alzheimer, M.D. a German neurologist. He had first recognized the peculiar symptoms in one of his patients. a fifty-five-year-old woman. Dr. Alzheimer then referred to this disease in a published article as presenile dementia.

“Neurologists now agree that the dementia that occurs in the elderly is the same as or similar to the presenile condition. It is usually referred to today as senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT — more commonly leaving off the word ‘senile,’ medical specialists designate it just as DAT or Alzheimer’s disease).”[2]

• I have gone into much greater depth on the history of Alzheimer’s Disease elsewhere. For an introduction, see: “How Long Has Alzheimer’s Dementia Been Around?”

Cause(s)

Scientists have not yet determined a definite – let alone single – cause for Alzheimer’s Disease. Rather, there are a variety of postulated causes. These include the development of the previously mentioned plaques and tangles, sharp decreases in sex hormones (such as estrogen and testosterone) or neurotransmitters (like acetylcholine), chronic exposure to or excessive accumulation of toxins (e.g., aluminum or mercury), and so on.

• To read more in this vein, see: “10 Possible Causes for Alzheimer’s (& How to Address Them)”; “Can Drinking Alcohol Causes Alzheimer’s Disease?”; and “Can Contaminated/Dirty Tap Water Cause Alzheimer’s Disease?”

Risk Factors[3]

“Although an exact cause has not been identified, scientists have found several risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease. A risk factor predisposes someone to developing the disease. This means that someone with a risk factor is more likely to get a disease than someone without it.”[4]

“Risk factors for cognitive decline in aging are multifactorial, including medical co-morbidities and familial genetic risk.”[5]

Age

It turns out that, for everyone, the risk of developing Alzheimer’s goes up as we advance in years. This is repeated by numerous sources across the spectrum, from mainstream medical and scientific sources to more offbeat alternatives.

So, we read: “Age is the most important known risk factor for A[lzheimer’s] D[isease]. The number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65.”[6] And, again, alternative health guru Dr. Joseph Mercola states: “Your single greatest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease is your age.”[7]

This is true as far as it goes. But there are other important factors. One is genetic.

Genes

“The gene apolipoprotein E-e4 (APOE-e4) has been identified as a …factor that most likely increases [the risk of] developing Alzheimer’s.”[8]

“Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder mostly seen in the elderly. Presence of at least one apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE) allele is the strongest yet known genetic risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. …Mutations of the genes encoding the [beta]-amyloid precursor protein and the presenilins 1 and 2 are risk factors for the early-onset form of Alzheimer’s disease. …”[9]

Family History

“Having a family history of dementia …[is] a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.”[10] Numerous studies have confirmed this.[11]

Contrariwise: “Subjects with A[lzheimer’s] D[isease] had a higher risk of having a family history of AD …as compared to control subjects.”[12]

Obesity

When a person is drastically more massive than is healthy for his or her height, the person might be said to be “obese.” “[A]ccumulating evidence links obesity to increased risk of Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia later in life…”.[13]

What is alarming – albeit somewhat intriguing – is that “[o]besity …[is] recognized as an important player in the pathogenesis of …dementia …independently of insulin resistance or other vascular risk factors.”[14] In other words, obesity isn’t just a factor because of increased risk of diabetes or hypertension or other factors listed elsewhere.

Sex

Is it possible that being female is actually an Alzheimer’s risk factor?

Indeed, one author reports: “It [has been] suggested …that female gender could act as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease…”.

However, researchers are unsure whether this is, in fact, a separate factor. The aforementioned writer goes on to state: “but it appears …that women are at higher risk because of their relatively increased longevity.”[15]

If this is the case, then really sex is itself not a distinct risk factor. It’s just that women are likely to outlive men. Since, as we’ve already said, the older a person gets, the greater his or her risk for Alzheimer’s, it follows that if women live longer than men, then they’ll be more likely than their male counterparts to get dementia.

Other Diseases

Furthermore, there are links between various other conditions and Alzheimer’s. “Some evidence points to risk factors similar to those for heart disease, including no physical exercised, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, and smoking.”[16]

Hardening of the Arteries (Atherosclerosis)

For example, there is a connection between “Alzheimer[‘s] neuropathology” and “atherosclerosis.” Atherosclerosis is termed a “vascular” disease because it afflicts the blood vessels of susceptible people. It’s sometimes referred to as a “hardening” of the arteries due to the fact that atherosclerosis involves gunk building up on the inside of those anatomical tubes.

These deposits are usually made of fat and, like their neurological cousins, are called plaques. One might get the impression that atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s might both be characterized by the bioaccumulation of garbage inside the body.

From my point of view, this underscores the importance of living an overall healthy lifestyle, including getting adequate exercise and sleep as well as maintaining a proper diet. For more on some of these, see: “The Alzheimer’s ‘MIND Diet’: What Should You Eat?”; “Alzheimer’s and Sleep: Too Little, Too Much, and Just Right”; and “Alzheimer’s and Sleep: Herbs, Spices, and Other Supplements.”

However, it is worth noting that “atherosclerosis …[is] potentially reversible” and the link between it and dementia is far from being completely understood.[17]

Diabetes

In general, diabetes is a malfunction in a person’s ability to handle insulin, an essential, glucose-regulating hormone produced in the pancreas. This malfunction results in out-of-whack blood-sugar levels. There are two sorts of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. A person with the former must receive insulin from an external source, as his or her body produces little or none of it. Type 2 is generally regarded as less severe than Type 1, since a sufferer’s body is usually able to produce some insulin. Therefore, a Type-2 diabetic is not “insulin-dependent” in the same way as is a Type-1 diabetic.

“People with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia.”[18]

Down’s Syndrome

Down’s Syndrome is a genetic disorder. This condition arises when there is an extraneous copy of one chromosome (#21) in a parent’s (haploid) reproductive cells (gametes). This results in a sperm or egg cell with 24 chromosomes, instead of the usual 23. Combined with a normal gamete, the resulting offspring has 47 total chromosomes.

“People with Down’s syndrome …are at high risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease …at a relatively young age.”[19]

High Cholesterol (Hyperlipidemia; Hypercholesterolemia)

Cholesterol is a type of fat (or lipid) that is circulated in the body via the blood. It is produced by the liver and obtained in various foods (e.g., eggs). The body uses cholesterol to build new cells. So, having some of it is a good and necessary thing.

However, medical science is generally worried about the amount of cholesterol in your body. If it’s too high, the thinking goes, it can literally gummy up your blood vessels and increase your risk for cardiovascular and heart diseases.

Interestingly, “[s]everal lines of evidence have linked cholesterol to dementia.”[20]

Part of the reason for this may be because when blood flow is impeded, available oxygen can decrease. The brain is highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation. Hence, if the brain is not properly oxygenated, the deficit can cause damage that can lead to dementia.

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Other “risk factors …[include] hypertension.” Because of this, and besides increasing “cognitive engagement,” researchers suggest that getting “regular physical activity …[, eating] the Mediterranean diet and …[consuming] omega-3 fatty acids …may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease…”.[21]

Physical Brain Injury

There are also various external risk factors. “Head trauma …[is] is risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease…”.[22]

“Moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury is one of the strongest environmental risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, although it is unclear whether mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion, also confers risk.”[23]

This is a difficult factor to track precisely “[s]ince people with Alzheimer’s disease …[are] bound to have poor recollection of the exposure to head trauma…”.[24]

Aluminum

In discussions of environmental risk factors, the light metal Aluminum (Al) has been brought up repeatedly. It has been associated both with the development both of the beta-amyloid plaques and the tau-protein neurofibrillary tangles that are characteristic of Alzheimer’s-riddled brains.

One writer states “that even miniscule amounts of aluminum can boost the production of beta-amyloid” and that “aluminum seems to misfold tau [proteins], which would boost the risk of the typical tangles of Alzheimer’s.”[25]

“There has been suggestion of interaction between aluminum and several A[lzheimer’s] D[isease]-associated pathways.”[26]

This warning turns up in some rather unexpected places. Writing in his popular introduction on the ancient proto-science of Alchemy, Dennis Hauck writes as follows.

“Don’t use aluminum pots and pans or utensils when making alchemical products. Modern alchemists feel that aluminum metal acts as a kind of ‘energy sponge; that depletes spiritual energy. Several scientific studies seem to support the alchemists’ suspicions and have linked aluminum to mental retardation and Alzheimer’s disease.”[27]

• For more on heavy-metal and other kinds of environmental toxicity, see “Toxic Alzheimer’s? Household Hazards: Gases, Molds, Poisons” and “Household Hazards for People With Dementia.”

Smoking

Smoking is so strongly correlated with lung disease that the habit is believed to cause numerous health problems including chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and even lung cancer.

Moreover, according to author Frank Murray, “smoking is definitely a significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease…”.[28]

Combined Risk Factors

Unsurprisingly, if factors are combined, then a person’s expected risk goes up. I won’t list all the various combinations, and I’m not a statistician. But, here are a couple of examples.

“Elderly people with type-2 diabetes have an 8.8 percent increase[d] risk of developing dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.”[29]

Or, again: “Family history of Alzheimer’s disease and APOE-4 status [together] were associated with” several, physical brain abnormalities, including “a thinner cortex in the entorhinal region, subiculum, and adjacent medial temporal lobe subfields.”[30]

For Further Reading

• “Protect Yourself Against the coming Dementia Crisis”
• “10 Things to Do NOW to Reduce Your Risk of Alzheimer’s Later”
• “Top 25 Herbs for Treating (& Avoiding) Alzheimer’s Dementia”

Notes:

[1] Ronald Watson and Fabien De Meester, eds., Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, Amsterdam: Academic Press; Elsevier, 2014, p. 209, <https://books.google.com/books?id=HFgXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209>.

[2] Herman Richard Casdorph and Morton Walker, Toxic Metal Syndrome, New York: Avery; Penguin, 1995, p. 18, <https://books.google.com/books?id=7GJEveEcurMC&pg=PA18>.

[3] For more information, see Dementia: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional, 2011 ed., Atlanta: ScholarlyEditions, 2012, passim., <https://books.google.com/books?id=u89Efydxk7MC>.

[4] Linda Lu and Juergen Bludau, Alzheimer’s Disease, Santa Barbara, Cal.: ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 16, <https://books.google.com/books?id=6gskihyGEQ0C&pg=PA16>.

[5] Lisa Morrow, Beth Snitz, Eric Rodriquez, Kimberly Huber, and Judith Saxton, “High Medical Co-Morbidity and Family History of Dementia is Associated With Lower Cognitive Function in Older Patients,” Family Practice, vol. 26, no. 5, Oct. 2009, pp. 339-343, <https://academic.oup.com/fampra/article/26/5/339/636444>.

[6] Eileen Welsh, ed., Frontiers in Alzheimer’s Disease Research, New York: Nova Science Publ., 2006, publisher’s blurb, <https://books.google.com/books/about/Frontiers_in_Alzheimer_s_Disease_Researc.html?id=dpMdC21dU9YC>.

[7] Joseph Mercola, Dark Deception: Discover the Truths About the Benefits of Sunlight Exposure, Nashville, Tenn.: Thomas Nelson, 2008, p. 71, <https://books.google.com/books?id=ay99sWUvTxoC&pg=PA71>.

[8] Jean Kaplan Teichroew, “Alzheimer’s,” Jean Kaplan Teichroew, ed., Chronic Diseases: An Encyclopedia of Causes, Effects, and Treatments, Santa Barbara, Cal.: ABC-CLIO, 2016, p. 53, <https://books.google.com/books?id=Am91DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53>.

[9] Marcus Portallis, Focus on Hormone Replacement Research, New York: Nova Biomedical Publ., 2004, p. 87, <https://books.google.com/books?id=xWXSNNasBcEC&pg=PA87>.

[10] Ezra Susser, Sharon Schwartz, Alfredo Morabia, and Evelyn Bromet, with Melissa Begg, Jack Gorman, and Mary-Claire King, Psychiatric Epidemiology: Searching for the Causes of Mental Disorders, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006, p. 367, <https://books.google.com/books?id=y6AN6bpfJhgC&pg=PA196>.

[11] See, e.g., D. Forster, A. Newens, D. Kay, and J. Edwardson, “Risk Factors in Clinically Diagnosed Presenile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: A Case-Control Study in Northern England,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 49, no. 3, Jun. 1995, pp. 253-258, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1060793/> and M. Rajah, L. Wallace, E. Ankudowich, E. Yu, A. Swierkot, R. Patel, M. Chakravarty, D. Naumova, J. Pruessner, R. Joober, S. Gauthier, and S. Pasvanis, “Family History and APOE4 Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Impact the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory by Early Midlife,” NeuroImage: Clinical, vol. 14, Mar. 31, 2017, pp. 760-774, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385589/ >.

[12] Ami Rosen, N. Kyle Steenland, John Hanfelt, Stewart Factor, James Lah, and Allan Levey, “Evidence of Shared Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease Using Family History,” Neurogenetics, vol. 8, no. 4, Sept. 6, 2007, pp. 263-270, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679377/>.

[13] Scott Kanoski, Ted Hsu, and Steven Pennell, “Obesity, Western Diet Intake, and Cognitive Impairment,” Ronald Ross Watson, Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, Amsterdam: Elsevier; Academic Press, 2014, p. 57, <https://books.google.com/books?id=HFgXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57>.

[14] L. Letra, I. Santana, R. Seiça, “Obesity as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Adipocytokines,” Metabolic Brain Disease, vol. 29, no. 3, Feb. 20, 2014, pp. 563-568, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553879>.

[15] Portallis, Focus on Hormone Replacement Research, loc. cit.

[16] Teichroew, “Alzheimer’s,” Teichroew, ed., Chronic Diseases, loc. cit.

[17] See H. Dolan, B. Crain, J. Troncoso, S. Resnick, A. Zonderman, and R. Obrien, “Atherosclerosis, Dementia, and Alzheimer [sic] Disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Cohort,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 68, no. 2, Aug. 2010, pp. 231-240, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20695015>.

[18] Yael Reijmer, Esther van den Berg, Carla Ruis, L. Kappelle, and Geert Biessels, “Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes,” Diabetes, vol. 26, no. 7, Aug. 26, 2010, pp. 507-519, <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1112>.

[19] Paula Castro, Shahid Zaman, and Anthony Holland, “Alzheimer’s Disease in People With Down’s Syndrome: The Prospects for and the Challenges of Developing Preventative Treatments,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 264, no. 4, Oct. 24, 2016, pp. 804–813, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5374178/>.

[20] A. Solomon, R. Sippola, H. Soininen, B. Wolozin, J. Tuomilehto, T. Laatikainen, and M. Kivipelto, “Lipid-Lowering Treatment Is Related to Decreased Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based Study,” Neuro-Degenerative Diseases, vol. 7, nos. 1-3, Apr. 2010, pp. 180-182, <https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/295659>.

[21] Yoram Barak, Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease: Personal Responsibility, New York : Nova Biomedical, 2014, publisher’s blurb, <https://books.google.com/books/about/Preventing_Alzheimer_s_Disease.html?id=tqiQvgEACAAJ>. Note that hypertension is also a risk factor for the second most common form of dementia, Vascular. See Sarah Jacobsen, Vascular Dementia: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment, New York: Nova Science, 2011.

[22] Susser, Schwartz, Morabia, and Bromet, et al., Psychiatric Epidemiology, op. cit., p. 196.

[23] J. Hayes, M. Logue, N. Sadeh, J. Spielberg, M. Verfaellie, S. Hayes, A. Reagan, D. Salat, E. Wolf, R. McGlinchey, W. Milberg, A. Stone, S. Schichman, and M. Miller, “Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated With Reduced Cortical Thickness in Those at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Brain, Mar. 1, 2017, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 813-825, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28077398>. In fact, the condition known as Dementia Pugilistica, previously referred to as “punch-drunk syndrome,” afflicts people — e.g., boxers and athletes involved in “contact” sports such as football/gridiron, hockey, martial arts, rugby, and wrestling — who experience damage to or disease of the brain due to repeated injury (such as blows to the head).

[24] Susser, Schwartz, Morabia, and Bromet, et al., Psychiatric Epidemiology, op. cit., p. 201.

[25] Jeffrey Victoroff, Saving Your Brain: The Revolutionary Plan to Boost Brain Power, Improve Memory, and Protect Yourself Against Aging and Alzheimer’s, New York: Bantam Books, 2003, p. 168, <https://books.google.com/books?id=M5SqLEYbWPAC>.

[26] A. Castorina, A. Tiralongo, S. Giunta, M. Carnazza, G. Scapagnini, and V. D’Agata, “Early Effects of Aluminum Chloride on Beta-Secretase mRNA Expression in a Neuronal Model of Beta-Amyloid Toxicity,” Cell Biology and Toxicology, vol. 26, no. 4, Jan. 29, 2010, pp. 367-377, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20111991>.

[27] Dennis Hauck, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Alchemy, New York: Alpha; Penguin, 2008, p. 186, <https://books.google.com/books?id=SsolrTciALUC&pg=PA186>.

[28] Frank Murray, Minimizing the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease, New York: Algora Publishing, 2012, p. 264, <https://books.google.com/books?id=9hveCHdjkt4C&pg=PA264>.

[29] Murray, Minimizing the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease, op. cit., p. 255, <https://books.google.com/books?id=4f8Nj83E3R8C&pg=PA255>.

[30] Markus Donix, Alison Burggren, Nanthia Suthana, Prabha Siddarth, Arne Ekstrom, Allison Krupa, Michael Jones, Laurel Martin-Harris, Linda Ercoli, Karen Miller, Gary Small, and Susan Bookheimer, “Family History of Alzheimer’s Disease and Hippocampal Structure in Healthy People,” The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 167, no. 11, Aug. 4, 2010, pp. 1399-1406, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086166/>.

12 Surprising Treatments for Alzheimer’s Dementia

Introduction

Straightforwardly, “treatments” are dietary or medical interventions that are tailored to address specific health deficits or pathologies. To state the obvious in plain English, when you think there’s a problem, you try to devise a solution. But Alzheimer’s is tricky because researchers are still in the position of having to guess about the root problem.

Elsewhere, I have catalogued “10 Possible Causes for Alzheimer’s (& How to Address Them).” At least in my own reading, these appeared to me to be among the most commonly mentioned hypothetical causes for the disease. They include the accumulation of beta-amyloid “plaques” and neurofibrillary “tangles,” a deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and an overabundance of the amino acid homocysteine, and other things.[1] (Click the above link for much more detail.)

In many ways, then, the “treatments” proposed in this article are geared toward the mitigation, relief, or reversal of one of more of the possible causes. Where relevant, I will note what cause is being addressed. But keep in mind that I have a fuller discussion of the causes and feel free to refer to it as needed or desired.

Also, understand that (most of) what follows in this article is probably best characterized with the heading “alternative” medicine. Readers who are interested in reding about more mainstream pharmaceutical recommendations can see my article HERE.

Caveats

Just a word or two of caution.

Firstly, I’m not a doctor. I’m not a dietician, either. Thus, the information presented here is given in good faith from my reflections on research that I have personally conducted. Usually, I will provide citations so that you can see and evaluate my source materials yourself. Basically, think of this article as giving you leads for your own follow-up investigations. I’m not trying to settle anything once and for all.

Secondly, and relatedly, many of the items on this list are highly controversial. Each of these has its vociferous proponents, and its equally vocal opponents. Again, I am not aiming to resolve these debates, here. In fact, by mentioning something, I’m not necessarily even endorsing it myself. My purpose is to make you aware of the lay of the land, options-wise.

Thirdly, in many ways, the treatments sort of “fall out” from a person’s views about the causes of Alzheimer’s. This means that certain readers might be more interested in some entries than in others simply because of what they believe about how Alzheimer’s begins or develops. But, at this time, the science is far from precise. So, there’s a sense in which the various options interconnect in complicated and sometimes interesting ways.

Twelve Surprising Treatments for Alzheimer’s

1.     Coconut Oil

In the introduction, I rehearsed a few of the best-known candidate causes for Alzheimer’s. However, there are others beyond the usual suspects. And here’s one of them.

Some people think that Alzheimer’s essentially results from energy deprivation in the brain. Those who take this line suggest that that cognitive impairment develops from a problem with the brain’s ability to use glucose.[2]

“In Alzheimer’s disease, brain cells have difficulty metabolizing glucose, the brain’s principal source of energy. …Ketone bypass the defect in glucose energy metabolism… Therefore, if enough ketones were available…, they could satisfy the brain’s energy needs. …”[3]

This bump in ketones occurs during fasting. But it can also come from ingesting a fatty acid called a “medium-chain triglyceride,” or MCTs. Wouldn’t you know it? Coconut oil is an important source.[4]

One author rhapsodizes that “…MCTs have produced better results in Alzheimer’s patients than any other treatment currently known to medical science. …The amount of MCTs in coconut oil is great enough to produce therapeutic blood levels of ketones.”[5]

2.     Sulphoraphane

Sulforaphane is an interesting one. Despite its somewhat forbidding name, it’s quite accessible, as it is a component of many green-leafy or cruciferous vegetables including some of the same offerings that were also rich in glutathione. Can you believe it?

It is a nutritional powerhouse that is credited with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and detoxification abilities. But it’s Alzheimer’s-fighting potential appears to go beyond these.

As discussed elsewhere, one feature of Alzheimer’s-afflicted brains is the appearance of various protein deposits – the aforementioned “plaques and tangles” – that interfere with neural activity and may also have a general neurotoxic[6] effect.

At least one scientific study suggested that sulforphane may actually “[inhibit] the generation and aggregation” of this debilitating gunk.[7]

3.     Glutathione

Another commonly cited potential cause for dementia is “oxidation” or “oxidative stress.” Some onlookers think that the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques (and other features of Alzheimer’s) is a result of – or is at least bound up with – this oxidative damage.

Following this line of thought, “Studies …indicate that increasing the [body’s] antioxidative capacity through dietary or pharmacological intake of antioxidants can be beneficial in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.”[8]

In this regard, glutathione has a reputation as a key antioxidant. In point of fact, glutathione is produced by our bodies. However, sadly, its “concentration” and production appear to decrease sharply with age. And increased “oxidative stress” may leave us more vulnerable to Alzheimer’s.[9]

What can be done?

Firstly, you need to think about your (or your loved one’s) diet. There’s really no getting away it. Computer scientists have a saying, abbreviated GIGO: Garbage in, garbage out. In their field, this has to do with a computer program’s sensitive dependence on what is entered in by the programmer. If the programmer types in “garbage,” the program may be lousy. But think about how this principle can relation to our health.

You really can’t expect your body to behave optimally if you fuel it with junk food. So, lay off the alcohol, processed foods, and sugar.

In place of these, you’ll need a found of fruits and vegetables. Some are excellent glutathione boosters. These include Arugula (Eruca vesicaria), Bok Choy (Brassica chinensis), Broccoli (Brassica italica), Brussels Sprouts (Brassica gemmifera), Cabbage (Brassica capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis), Chard (Beta vulgaris vulgaris), Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum), Kale (Brassica sabellica), Mustard (Brassica rapa), Rapeseed (Brassica napus), and Watercress (Nasturtium officinale).

Additionally, foods such as Artichokes (Cynara scolymus), various berries – Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Goji (Lycium chinense), Raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) – Cacao/Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), Catalase, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Hydroxytyrosol (C₈H₁₀O₃), Olive (Olea europaea), Red Wine, and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) all have propensities to fight oxidation.

Secondly, you need to ensure that you maintain a consistent and adequate exercise regimen and sleep schedule. (For some tips on the latter, see my articles HERE, HERE, and HERE.)

• For more dietary considerations, see: “The Alzheimer’s ‘MIND Diet’: What Should You Eat?”

4.     Green Tea

While we’re on the subject of antioxidants, here’s another one that should probably be singled out for special attention: Green Tea (Camellia sinsensis).

As stated, Alzheimer’s is possibly – even if partially – a result of biochemical oxidation in the body.[10]

Once again, diet is fundamental to protection of your body’s neurons.[11] At the very least you’ll want to keep your levels of Vitamin-B Complex, Carotenoids (including the previously listed Astaxanthin, Beta Carotene, Lutein, and Lycopene), and Polyphenols within their optimal ranges. From a dietary perspective, this will involve eating generous helpings of quality fruits (especially berries), grains, and vegetables.[12] But it may also involve choice beverages such as …wait for it …green tea!

The bottom line is this. Research suggests that “Green Tea polyphenols protect neurons against P[arkinson’s] D[isease] and A[lzheimer’s] D[isease].”[13] One of the most remarkable of these polyphenols is Epi-Gallo-Catechin Gallate (EGCG).[14]

Other nutritional supplements can be quite helpful as well, for instance Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), Selenium (Se), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) – all of which help boost your natural glutathione levels. You can even supplement with glutathione directly.

Finally, bear in mind that numerous other substances have antioxidant qualities. Some of the better known of these include Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), Astaxanthin (C₄₀H₅₂O₄), Beta Carotene (C₄₀H₅₆), Beta Glucan (C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆), Lutein (C₄₀H₅₆O₂), Lycopene (C₄₀H₅₆), N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC), Resveratrol (C₁₄H₁₂O₃), Super-Oxide Dismutase (SOD), and Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol).

• For more, see: “Top 10 Nutrient and Vitamin Supplements for Alzheimer’s”

5.     Herbs

This category has consumed a lot of my attention on AlzheimersProof.com. For one thing, herbal supplements are easily acquired.

True, there may be considerable variation in quality and potency among various suppliers. (You can always try your hand at growing your own.) Still, I think these have potential for being of great assistance when it comes to staving off – or slowing down – Alzheimer’s.

Because I have gone into much greater detail elsewhere, I will really only list a few of my top choices, here. But I couldn’t neglect these entirely, as they are clearly major players in the realm of “alternative” dementia treatments.

So here are my Top Five Herbs for Alzheimer’s. For my entire list of Twenty-Five, see HERE.

·       Gingko (Gingko biloba)

If you’ve read continuously down this far, then you’ve probably noticed the recurring theme of antioxidants. And this is carried further with these herbal supplements.

There is little doubt but that ginkgo is a key player in the Alzheimer’s fight. In fact, according to one source, ginkgo is “[c]urrently the most widely prescribed treatment for A[lzheimer’s] D[isease] and other dementias in Germany… [It] is believed to work by stimulating nerve-cell activity in the brain while also improving blood flow and perhaps protecting against further cell damage as an antioxidant.”[15]

·       Magnolia (Schisandra chinensis)

Scientific research suggests that magnolia fruit has “a protective role in N[eurological] D[iseasess], including …neurodegenerative diseases” such as Alzheimer’s. Magnolia has several “neuroprotective mechanisms” including the aforementioned “antioxidation, suppression of apoptosis [i.e., cellular death – Ed.], anti-inflammation, regulation of neurotransmitters,” and other helpful things including “modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) related pathways” which, as far as I understand has to do with possible nerve growth or regrowth.[16]

·       Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Another heavy lifter, rosemary is another potent antioxidant that may actually have the ability “to inhibit neuronal cell death”.[17] That is amazing news for Alzheimer’s sufferers. In fact, rosemary is so powerful, it may also be effective even as an essential oil in aromatherapy![18]

·       Saffron (Crocus sativus)

Prized as one of the world’s most exotic – and expensive – spices, saffron is also being shown to possess remarkable neuroprotective abilities. For example, it “has been identified as a memory-enhancing agent” and it has also reportedly “demonstrated effective antioxidant[,] …anti-inflammatory[,] and antiamyloidgenic abilities.”[19]

·       Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Turmeric is an absolute supplement steamroller. It is an inflammation-fighting machine. Used “[i]n traditional South Asian medicine, turmeric (curcumin) …relieve[s] …Alzheimer’s disease due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.”[20] At least one study suggested that Indians who eat curry regularly have better cognitive scores (when tested on the Mini Mental-State Examination, for more on which see HERE) and lower risk for dementia.[21]

For MUCH more on herbal supplements, see any (or all) of the following articles:

• “25 Herbs for Treating (& Avoiding) Alzheimer’s”
• “6 Drugs That Treat Alzheimer’s and 20+ Alternatives”
• “How to Alzheimer’s-Proof Your Diet: Vitamin D & Other Nutrients”

6.     Hormones

Let’s take these one at a time.

·       Estrogen

“Abundant evidence implicates sex steroid depletion in postmenopausal women as a risk factor for the development of A[lzheimer’s] D[isease].”[22] Another set of authors writes that “estrogen …plays a significant neuromodulatory and neuroprotective role.[23] The numerous estrogenic effects in the brain include the modulation of synaptogenesis, increased cerebral blood flow, mediation of important neurotransmitters and hormones, protection against apoptosis [i.e., cell death – Ed.], anti-inflammatory actions, and antioxidant properties. These multiple actions in the central nervous system support estrogen as a potential treatment for the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease…”.[24]

·       Melatonin

Similarly to glutathione, “[d]aily melatonin production decreases with age, and in several pathologies, attaining its lowest values in Alzheimer’s dementia patients.”[25] Surely, this is a pity, especially since some investigators argue that melatonin has the ability to mitigate the sort of “neurodegeneration” that is typical of “…Alzheimer’s disease …, Parkinson’s disease …, and ischemia / reperfusion injury to the brain, i.e., stroke.”[26] But, arguably, it’s no coincidence.[27]

·       Progesterone

A close cousin to estrogen in this regard, “…progesterone  …facilitates some forms of learning and memory” and has been suspected to be a factor in a particular mouse-centered “model of Alzheimer’s disease.”[28] The reduction of both females sex hormones – estrogen and progesterone – “appears to be a significant risk factor for the development of A[lzheimer’s] D[isease] in women.”[29] There is some hope that hormone-replacement therapies can help reduce this risk.[30]

·       Testosterone

There are a couple of things going on, here. Most obviously, since testosterone levels decrease as men age whereas Alzheimer’s risk increases, “some researchers [have] proposed a relationship between the development of A[lzheimer’s] D[isease] and reductions of T[estosterone].”[31]

But, relatedly, in men who possess the Alzheimer’s predisposing Apolipoprotein-E4 gene, there is a link between “reductions in testosterone” and “the development of the amyloid beta …and tau …proteins” that gunk of the brain by way of forming plaques and tangles.

Because of these observations, a few writers even make the bold and provocative (but probably unproven) claim that “…Alzheimer’s can be cured in its early stages and halted in in its later stages …primarily using testosterone.”[32] It’s something to keep your eye on.

7.     Lithium

First of all, lithium exhibits neuroprotective properties and may guard against neuronal “apoptosis,” that is, cell death.[33] Second, and relatedly, it may help to break up – or discourage the formation of – the plaques and tangles that are among the main indications of the presence of Alzheimer’s.[34]

Lithium can be obtained from various foods, including coffee, dairy (e.g., cheese and milk), eggs, grains (rice, wheat), kelp, legumes (beans, chickpeas, lentils, peas, soybeans), mushrooms (like the Groundwart, Thelephora vialis), seafoods (like lobsters, oysters, shrimp, and scallops), nuts (like pistachios), and miscellaneous other vegetables (e.g., cucumbers and nightshade plants such as peppers, potatoes, and tomatoes).

But lithium can also be added to your diet by way of supplementation. Like calcium, magnesium, and zinc, lithium comes in a variety of forms, such as aspartate,[35] carbonate, chloride, citrate, and orotate. Of these, at least one source’s recommendation was states as follows. “Studies that have compared lithium orotate to lithium carbonate have found that lower doses or lithium orotate can achieve therapeutic brain lithium concentrations while avoiding toxicity.”[36]

8.     Marijuana

Wow. Here’s a hot topic right now. I realize that there is something of a sharp divide on this one. I don’t really want to wade deeply into a political debate. So, let me try to keep things fairly neutral – if possible.

One author observes: “Research suggests that cannabinoids (which are potent antioxidants) might be especially useful in minimizing inflammatory responses in the brain itself, symptoms of which are believed to be key to many serious neurodegenerative diseases ranging from Alzheimer’s dementia, to Parkinson’s disease, to other related motor disorders…”.[37]

Another, apparently amateur, researcher (of questionable accuracy) nevertheless echoes this, writing: “The cannabinoids of Cannabis sativa are neuro-protective and anti-inflammatory.”[38]

9.     Nicotine

“Drugs acting at nicotinic receptors including nicotine itself have been tested as treatments for cognitive impairments, including those seen in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).”[39]

One source relates: “In Alzheimer’s disease patients, attentional performance has been found to be significantly improved with nicotine…”.[40] This “significant” improvement was demonstrated, for instance, through various activities evaluated on an attention-focused assessment called the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT, 3^rd Ed.). Nicotine administered through a patch for nearly a month seemed to elicit “a true increase in response accuracy”.

Another flatly states: “Nicotine treatment significantly improves cognitive function in people with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease.”[41]

10. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

This should be another dietary addition. Omega 3s are anti-inflammatory. “In addition, clinical studies have reported …the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder …, neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s disease …, and psychiatric disorders such as depression…”.[42]

Some randomized, controlled trials suggest that “omega-e …supplementation, particularly DHA, reverse age-related cognitive decline in otherwise healthy individuals… but these is less evidence to suggest such an effect in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.”[43]

Still, “[e]pidemiological studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acid consumption reduces the risk of dementia… especially Alzheimer’s disease.”[44]

But, you need to watch the sort of fats that you eat. Overindulgence in saturated fats leads “to an increased risk of mixed dementia.”[45]

Some of the best sources include Cod-Liver Oil, Fish Oil, Flaxseed Oil, and Krill Oil.[46]

• For more extensive treatment of omega 3s, including my list of the best dietary sources, see the following: “The Alzheimer’s Dementia ‘MIND’ Diet: What Should You Eat?,” “Alzheimer’s-Proofing Your Diet: Carbs, Fats and ‘Exotics’,” and “Top Ten (10) Nutrient & Vitamin Supplements for Alzheimer’s.”

11. Red Wine/Resveratrol

Resveratrol, one of the active ingredients in red wine, is sometimes touted as an “anti-aging” drug.[47]

One of the telltale features of Alzheimer’s is the presence in the brain of the hardened plaques and tangles – mentioned elsewhere in this article and on my website – that interfere with neuronal activity and seem to “kill off” portions of the brain. Some researchers maintain that “[r]esveratrol is useful is stimulating the break-down [sic] of beta-amyloid peptides… In a study involving laboratory animals …who were given resveratrol from 45 days, there was a 45% reduction in plaques in the medial cortex, 89% in the stratum, and 90% in the hypothalamus.”[48]

Of course, with alcohol, one must remember the word moderation. (Some research seems to indicate that cognitive impairments can be precipitated by overindulgence. See HERE.)

Another thing to keep in mind is that not all wines are equal in their potential health benefits. Red wines tend to be healthier than white, and dry wines tend to edge out their sweeter counterparts.

Some of the red wines that often recommended include: Cabernet Sauvignon, Madiran, Malbec, Merlot, Petite Sirah, Pinot Noir, Rosé, Shiraz/Syrah, St. Laurent, and Zinfandel. Of these, three that stand out for resveratrol content seem to be Malbec, Pinot Noir, and St. Laurent.

• For more on wines and Alzheimer’s, see HERE.

12. Vitamins

As an untutored layman, one of the most surprising things to me in my reading about Alzheimer’s is its association with various deficiencies. I go into this more deeply in other places. (See HERE.) So I will limit myself to two examples, presently.

·       Vitamin B

“[C]ertain of the B vitamins …, when lacking or deficient in our diets, can …easily produce a loss of vital memory. …[T]here of them …[are]: vitamin B-1, or thiamin; B-3, niacin or nicotinic acid;[49] and B-12.”[50]

The esteemed Mayo Clinic relates: “Some studies suggest low vitamin B-12 levels may be associated with an increased risk of dementia.”[51]

·       Vitamin D

Vitamin D is another such vitamin. Once again, I will appeal to the Mayo Clinic, which states that some “[r]esearch suggests that people with very low levels of vitamin D in their blood …are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease…”.[52]

First of all, it has anti-inflammatory properties. And the devil of it is, is that we actually produce it ourselves if we get enough sunlight exposure.

Joseph Mercola relates this to the decrease in our bodies’ capabilities as we age. “The ability of your skin to produce vitamin D decreases the older you get, and vitamin-D deficiency has been shown to be common among those with Alzheimer’s.”[53]

• For a more in-depth discussion on vitamins, see my “Top Ten (10) Nutrient & Vitamin Supplements for Alzheimer’s” as well as my “10 Possible Causes for Alzheimer’s (& How to Address Them).”

A Few Concluding Remarks

Supplements – including the ones discussed here – are not supernatural. They cannot be expected to compensate for a lifetime of poor habits. So, firstly, I want to take a moment to reiterate the importance of what may be termed a “healthy lifestyle.”

Truly, diet and exercise are two indispensable keys to maintaining physical and mental fitness. In terms of nutritional guidelines, a good place to start is with the so-called Alzheimer’s “MIND Diet.” I have an entire article devoted to this topic, HERE.

Secondly, we are surrounded by environmental poisons and toxins and some of these severally – or possibly all (or some portion) of these jointly – may bear a measure of responsibility for dementias of one sort of other being as pervasive as they are. Therefore, part of your strategy needs to be minimizing your exposure, wherever possible. I have numerous posts on identifying and trying to eliminate these sorts of hazards.

These may include herbicides, metals, molds, pesticides, and myriad other things. For more information, see “Toxic Alzheimer’s? Household Hazards: Gases, Molds, Poisons” and “Home Contaminants and Hazards to Watch out For.”

For Further Reading[54]

• “Does Alzheimer’s Disease Have Three Stages or Seven Stages?”
• “Protect Yourself Against the Coming Dementia Crisis”

Notes:

[1] For the details, see my dedicated article.

[2] Bruce Fife, The Coconut Oil Miracle, New York: Avery; Penguin, 2013, p. 188, <https://books.google.com/books?id=aLS1nQEACAAJ&pg=PA188>.

[3] Fife, The Coconut Oil Miracle, op. cit., p. 190.

[4] For completeness, I note that “the administration of glucose has [also] been shown to improve cognitive function, for example, memory performance in Alzheimer’s …[i]n clinical populations with severe cognitive deficits…”. Veronika Schöpf, Florian Fischmeister, Christian Windischberger, Florian Gerstl, Michael Wolzt, Karl Karlsson, and Ewald Moser, “Effects of Individual Glucose Levels on the Neuronal Correlates of Emotions,” Michael Smith and Andrew Scholey, eds., Nutritional Influences on Human Neurocognitive Functioning, p. 129; reproduction of article from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 7, no. 212, May 21, 2013; cached at <https://books.google.com/books?id=0wKlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129>.

[5] Bruce Fife, Ketone Therapy: The Ketogenic Cleanse and Anti-Aging Diet, Colorado Springs, Colo.: Piccadilly Books, 2017, pp. 103-104, <https://books.google.com/books?id=5dEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103>.

[6] I.e., be poisonous to the brain or nervous system.

[7] T. Hou, H. Yang, W. Wang, Q. Wu, Y. Tian, and J. Jia, “Sulforaphane Inhibits the Generation of Amyloid-β Oligomer and Promotes Spatial Learning and Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease (PS1V97L) Transgenic Mice,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, vol. 62, no. 4, 2018, pp. 1803-1813, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29614663>.

[8] Nils-Erik Huseby, Elisabeth Sundkvist, and Gunbjørg Svineng, “Glutathione and Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids: Antioxidant and Conjugation Activities,” Roberta Masella, Giuseppe Mazza, eds., Glutathione and Sulfur Amino Acids in Human Health and Disease, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p. 112, <https://books.google.com/books?id=c9HznhSDlJAC&pg=PA112>.

[9] See, e.g., Ye Feng and Xiaochuan Wang, “Antioxidant Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, [vol. 2012,] Jul. 25, 2012, p. 472932, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410354/>.

[10] Baolu Zhao, “Green Tea Polyphenols Protect Neurons Against Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease,” Lester Packer, Helmut Sies, Manfred Eggersdorfer, and Enrique Cadenas, eds., Micronutrients and Brain Health, Boca Raton: CRC Press; Taylor & Francis, 2009, p. 256, <https://books.google.com/books?id=ylX-GBKyLLkC&pg=PA256>.

[11] “Why is neuroprotection important? Neuroprotection refers to mechanism and strategies used to protect against neuronal injury, degenerative, or death in the central nervous system (CNS), especially following acute disorders such as stroke or traumatic brain injury or as a result of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS)…”.

[12] Emma Ramiro-Puig, Margarita Castell, Andrew McShea, George Perry, Mark Smith, and Gemma Casadesus, “Food Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Packer, Sies, Eggersdorfer, and Cadenas, Micronutrients and Brain Health, op. cit., p. 43.

[13] Zhao, op. cit., in Packer, Sies, Eggersdorfer, and Cadenas, Micronutrients and Brain Health, op. cit., p. 257.

[14] L. Xicota, J. Rodriguez-Morato, M. Dierssen, R. de la Torre, “Potential Role of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in the Secondary Prevention of Alzheimer [sic] Disease,” Current Drug Targets, vol. 18, no. 2, 2017, pp. 174-195, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26302801>.

[15] Porter Shimer, New Hope for People with Alzheimer’s and Their Caregivers: Your Friendly, Authoritative Guide to the Latest in Traditional and Complementary Treatments, New York: Three Rivers Press; Crown Publ., 2002, p. 76, <https://books.google.com/books?id=wNli8hoE9TYC&pg=PA76>.

[16] Minyu Zhang, Liping Xu, and Hongjun Yang, “Schisandra chinensis Fructus and Its Active Ingredients as Promising Resources for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 7, Jul. 6, 2018, p. 1970, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073455/>.

[17] Solomon Habtemariam, The Therapeutic Potential of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Diterpenes for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, [vol. 2016,] Jan. 28, 2016, p. 2680409, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4749867/>.

[18] See Tadaaki Satou, Yuki Hanashima, Iho Mizutani, and Kazuo Koike, The Effect of Inhalation of Essential Oil from Rosmarinus Officinalis on Scopolamine‐induced Alzheimer’s Type Dementia Model Mice, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.

[19] Nur Adalier and Heath Parker, “Vitamin E, Turmeric and Saffron in Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Antioxidants (Switzerland), vol. 5, no. 4, Oct. 25, 2016, p. 40, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5187538/>.

[20] Adalier and Heath Parker, loc. cit.

[21] Ibid.

[22] Jenna Carroll, Estrogen and Progesterone-based Hormone Therapy and the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease, dissertation, Univ. of Southern California, 2009, <http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll127/id/177259>.

[23] Though, at least one offbeat and possibly unreliable author appears to argue that “estrogen causes Alzheimer’s.” If interested in the counterpoint, see Raymond Peat’s self-published Progesterone in Orthomolecular Medicine, Eugene, Ore.: Raymond Peat, 1993, <https://books.google.com/books/about/Progesterone_in_Orthomolecular_Medicine.html?id=XdQ6AgAACAAJ>.

[24] B. Cholerton, C. Gleason, L. Baker, and S. Asthana, “Estrogen and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Story so Far,” Drugs & Aging, vol. 19, no. 6, 2002, pp. 405-427, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149049>.

[25] Daniel Cardinali, Analía Furio, and María Ryes, “Melatonin and the Cytoprotective Role of Sleep,” Pedro Montilla and Isaac Túnez, ed., Melatonin: Present and Future, New York: Nova Biomedical Publ., 2007, p. 175, <https://books.google.com/books?id=cQn9NNUinwYC&pg=PA175>.

[26] See Russel Reiter, Dun-Xian Tan, and Faith Gultekin, “Melatonin Reduces Molecular Damage and Physiological Dysfunction in Experimental Models of Neurodegeneration,” Montilla and Túnez, ed., Melatonin, op. cit., p. 261.

[27] Though, whether melatonin decline is a cause of Alzheimer’s or an effect from it is an open question.

[28] Michael Foy, Michel Baudry, Roberta Brinton, and Richard Thompson, “Estrogen, Progesterone and Hippocampal Plasticity in Rodent Models,” G. Casadesus, ed., Handbook of Animal Models in Alzheimer’s Disease, Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2011, p. 109, <https://books.google.com/books?id=vddRI_qV5_gC&pg=PA109>.

[29] Ibid., p. 110.

[30] See, e.g., William Fryer and M. Shippen, The Testosterone Syndrome: The Critical Factor for Energy, Health, and Sexuality — Reversing the Male Menopause, New York: M. Evans & Co., 2001, p. 149, <https://books.google.com/books?id=UdXwbE7fGiEC&pg=PA149>.

[31] Martine Simard, Séverine Hervouet, and Hélène Forget,“Testosterone Depletion and Cognitive Impairment in Aging Men: A Possible Relationship Between Testosterone and Alzheimer’s Disease?” H. Sentowski, ed., Cognitive Disorders Research Trends, New York: Nova Science Publ., 2007, p. 51, <https://books.google.com/books?id=0R3I_ZMZVW4C&pg=PA51>.

[32] Edward Friedman and William Cane, The New Testosterone Treatment: How You and Your Doctor Can Fight Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, and Alzheimer’s, Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2013, p. 19, <https://books.google.com/books?id=ybRvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19>.

[33] James Greenblatt, Integrative Medicine for Alzheimer’s: The Breakthrough Natural Treatment Plan That Prevents Alzheimer’s Using Nutritional Lithium, Fort St. Victoria, British Columbia (Canada): Friesen Press, 2018, p. 27, <https://books.google.com/books?id=GNx8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27>.

[34] Michael Bauer and Michael Gitlin, The Essential Guide to Lithium Treatment, Basel, Switzerland: Springer, 2016, p. 93, <https://books.google.com/books?id=ePg0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93>.

[35] Be wary of the aspartate form. According to Greenblatt (op. cit., p. 73) it may be linked to “excitotoxicity,” which is “[o]ne common pathway of numerous degenerative diseases…,” according to Julie Holland, The Pot Book: A Complete Guide to Cannabis, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010, eBook, <https://books.google.com/books?id=tV0oDwAAQBAJ>.

[36] Greenblatt, Integrative Medicine for Alzheimer’s, op. cit., pp. 73-74. Note that, in the past (say late 1940s to early 1950s), some heart patients taking lithium chloride “developed lithium poisoning”, ibid., p. 38.

[37] Holland, The Pot Book, loc. cit.

[38] Joan Bello, The Benefits of Marijuana: Physical, Psychological and Spiritual, Susquehanna, Penn.: Lifeservices Press, 2008, p. 159, <https://books.google.com/books?id=J0cdQ_yn9aEC&pg=PA159>. The same writer further relates this interesting historical anecdote. “In 2737 BC[,] …Emperor Shen Nung compiled the first Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Marijuana was classified as one of the Superior Elixirs of Immortality. It was prescribed for absent-mindedness.” Ibid.

[39] David Balfour and Marcus Munafò, The Neurobiology and Genetics of Nicotine and Tobacco, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2015, p. 96, <https://books.google.com/books?id=00KMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96>.

[40] Melissa Piasecki and Paul Newhouse, eds., Nicotine in Psychiatry: Psychopathology and Emerging Therapeutics, Washington, D.C. & London: American Psychiatric Press, 2000, p. 207, <https://books.google.com/books?id=YXKzlaQ4zLgC&pg=PA207>. See, also, Paul Newhouse, A. Potter, and R. Lenox, et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Agents on Human Cognition: Possible Therapeutic Applications in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases,” Medical Chemistry Research, vol. 2, 1993, pp. 628-642.

[41] Balfour and Munafò, The Neurobiology and Genetics of Nicotine and Tobacco, loc. cit. This nicotine research appears to be in early stages. As nearly as I can tell, the nicotine affects “different attentional functions” by acting through “nicotinic acetylcholine receptor[s]” which seems clearly to tie this intervention in with other research on Alzheimer’s relation to acetylcholine deficiency, cholinesterase inhibition, and so on. For more, see HERE & HERE.

[42] Shogo Tokuyama and Kazuo Nakamoto, “Pain as Modified by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,” Ronald Watson and Fabien De Meester, eds., Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, Amsterdam: Academic Press; Elsevier, 2014, p. 131, <https://books.google.com/books?id=HFgXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131>.

[43] Grace Giles, Caroline Mahoney, and Robin Kanarek, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Behavior,” Watson and De Meester, eds., Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, p. 322.

[44] Alyssa Velasco and Zaldys Tan, “Fatty Acids and the Aging Brain,” Watson and De Meester, eds., Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, op. cit., p. 212.

[45] Ibid.

[46] Evening Primrose Oil is a good source for the related Omega-6 fatty acids. But watch these! Too much of them can be problematic.

[47] <https://books.google.com/books?id=4f8Nj83E3R8C&pg=PA238>.

[48] <https://books.google.com/books?id=4f8Nj83E3R8C&pg=PA258>.

[49] To make matters more confusing, there’s also the related Nicotinamide, a.k.a. Niacinamide.

[50] Vernon Mark, Reversing Memory Loss: Medically Proven Methods for Regaining, Strengthening, and Preserving Your Memory, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993, p. 100, <https://books.google.com/books?id=CbxMI-MCNm0C>.

[51] Jonathan Graff-Radford, “Vitamin B-12: Can it improve memory in Alzheimer’s?” Mayo Clinic, Oct. 14, 2016, <https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expert-answers/alzheimers/faq-20057895>. For more, see Abram Hoffer and Harold D. Foster, Feel Better, Live Longer with Vitamin B-3: Nutrient Deficiency and Dependency, Toronto: Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine Press, 2007.

[52] Jonathan Graff-Radford, “Vitamin D: Can it prevent Alzheimer’s & dementia?” Mayo Clinic, May 30, 2018, <https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expert-answers/vitamin-d-alzheimers/faq-20111272>.

[53] Joseph Mercola, Dark Deception: Discover the Truths About the Benefits of Sunlight Exposure, Nashville, Tenn.: Thomas Nelson, 2008, pp. 71-72, <https://books.google.com/books?id=ay99sWUvTxoC&pg=PA71>.

[54] From a scholarly perspective, see Arrigo Cicero, Federica Fogacci, and Maciej Banach, “Botanicals and Phytochemicals Active on Cognitive Decline: The Clinical Evidence,” Pharmacological Research, Dec. 28, 2017, pp. 204-212, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29289576>.

Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative brain disease that, from the standpoint of symptoms, is characterized by the diminution of memory and reason. Usually it afflicts the elderly. (But there is also “early onset” Alzheimer’s that has impacted the lives of younger people.) Indeed, it used to be referred to as “Senile Dementia.”[1] For the time being, the exact cause of Alzheimer’s remains elusive. However, there are several physical / physiological signs that may point the way towards the articulation of a definitive statement about the condition’s cause(s) or etiology.

Many of these possible causes revolve around various observed defects (such as “beta-amyloid plaques” and “neurofibrillary tangles”) that present themselves in certain brain regions (e.g., hippocampus and cerebral cortex) of an Alzheimer’s-affected brain. Others have to do with detectable deficiencies (e.g., in neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, or in vitamins) or with the discovery of foreign substances (like bacteria and heavy metals) that deposit themselves in the brain.

For more information, read on.

Disclaimer

As I have stated elsewhere, I am not a doctor or medical professional of any kind. This article is based upon my own research. Where possible, I have quoted researchers who have far more expertise than I have. Nevertheless, readers should bear in mind that these possible cases have a hypothetical, speculative, or otherwise tentative quality. The precise cause (or causes) of Alzheimer’s is presently unknown. (See the bottom of the article for some additional provisos.)

Top Ten (10) Candidate Causes for Alzheimer’s

1.     Acetylcholine Deficiency

Biochemically, acetylcholine (C₇H₁₆NO₂) is produced by the body from the essential substance choline, which we may get from eggs, legumes, and soy. Functionally, acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that helps our nervous system send impulses amongst neurons and between nerve and muscle cells.

For all the questions surrounding this disease, one thing researchers are fairly confident in is that “acetylcholine levels are abnormally low in people with Alzheimer’s”.[2]

It is by no means clear that the decrease in acetylcholine levels causes Alzheimer’s. It is perfectly compatible with the evidence that some other thing(s) causes both Alzheimer’s and the observed decrease in “cholinergic” (that is, acetylcholine-related neural) activity.

However, because of the correlation, numerous pharmaceutical and herbal interventions revolve around two, interrelated, strategies.

What can you do to increase acetylcholine levels?

Number one, doctors may try to increase the bioavailable levels of the relevant neurotransmitter. Straightforwardly, this is done by supplementing with acetylcholine or its precursor, choline.

And, number two, physicians may also try to stop the body from further breaking down the acetylcholine that it has. This is usually accomplished by trying to hinder, or inhibit, the action of the acetylcholine-dissolving enzyme cholinesterase.

Thus, there is a class of drugs called, appropriately enough, “cholinesterase inhibitors.” This class includes (or at one time included) such drugs as: Aricept (Donepezil), Cognex[3] (Tacrine), Exelon (Rivastigmine), and Razadyne (GalantamineListen). For more on these pharmaceuticals, see HERE.

Various herbs – such as Calamus (Acorus calamus), Clubmoss (Huperzia serrata), Cubeb (Piper cubeba), Gingko (Gingko biloba), Ginseng, Chinese (Panax ginseng), Juniper (Juniperus spp.) – may also display cholinesterase inhibiting properties. For much more on these (and other) herbs, see HERE.

2.     Homocysteine Levels High

Whereas acetylcholine levels are generally low in Alzheimer’s patients, the levels of other substances are found to be quite high.

For instance, various investigations suggest that “people with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia have higher levels of homocysteine in the blood than other people…”.[4] In fact, “[o]ne …study found that elderly people with high levels of …homocysteine have nearly twice the risk of developing the disease.”

Homocysteine is an amino acid. It’s presence is bound up with the biological processes whereby the body breaks down methionine (for more on which, see HERE) and the chemically related amino acid cysteine.

What can you do to decrease homocysteine levels?

It turns out that one of the most effective ways to lower homocysteine levels is to ensure that you have adequate amounts of the Vitamin-B Complex. Vitamins B-6 (Pyridoxine), B-9 (Folic Acid), and B-12 (Cobalamin) lower homocysteine levels.

Thus, out-of-control homocysteine levels could itself be caused by Vitamin-B deficiency. (See further.)

3.     Infection

This one may be a real shocker. And it comes in several variations.

One article in the magazine New Scientist had the stupefying title “Gum disease may be the cause of Alzheimer’s…”.[5] What?!

Here’s the deal. Several groups of researchers have discovered a particular bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, in Alzheimer’s-affected brain regions.[6] This same bacterium is a common culprit in various gum inflammations (gingivitis) and gum infections (periodontitis).

It’s not clear how – or precisely when – the bacterium gets into the brain. It could be that poor dental hygiene enables bacteria to enter the bloodstream of otherwise healthy individuals and, ultimately, attack their brains. So, it could be a cause for Alzheimer’s.

On the other hand, it may only be “opportunistic”; the bacteria might simply take advantage of the fact that the brain of an Alzheimer’s patient is somehow more open to infection. This explanation might even be preferred since it seems plausible that dementia sufferers let their dental care slide.

Time – and additional research – may tell.

Another possible route for infection-to-Alzheimer’s comes from the Chlamydia pneumoniae bacterium. Unlike its sexually transmitted cousin, Chlamydia trachomatis, the former causes respiratory problems – including pneumonia.

In an autopsy-based study of around 30 brains – 15 with Alzheimer’s at death and 15 without – “[a]ll but one of the brains from Alzheimer’s patients were positive for C. pneumoniae; only one of the control brains was.”[7]

What can you do to counteract infections?

Firstly, you can try to ensure that you maintain good hygiene – both for yourself and your loved one. In terms of dental hygiene, this means brushing teeth after meals and flossing at least once per day. In general terms, it means observing good disease-mitigation practices around sick people. This involves washing hands correctly, covering mouths and noses when coughing/sneezing, properly discarding soiled tissues, not using “communal” towels, and disinfecting surfaces and dishes prior to use.

But, secondly, you should also ensure that your or your loved one’s diet and nutrition are optimal. This may include the observance of the so-called Alzheimer’s-friendly “MIND Diet,” about which you can read more HERE.

Thirdly, it is probably appropriate to seek advice or care from a competent medical professional. If the person is a modern medical practitioner, then he or she may prescribe one or more pharmaceutical antibiotics to address infections. These include: Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Cephalexin, Ciprofolxacin, Clarithromycin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, Penicillin, various Sulfonamides, and Tetracycline.

If the person is a naturopath or traditional healer, then he or she might recommend certain herbs – such as Bee Balm, Scarlet (Monarda didyma), Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Oregano (Origanum vulgare), Sage (Salvia officinalis), Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and Uva Ursi[8] (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) – and other substances – e.g., Honey – that have reputations as bacteria-fighters.

4.     Inflammation

We just mentioned gum inflammation. But inflammation can occur all over the body – including in the brain directly.

As it happens, “[i]nflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients is characterized by increased cytokines and activated microglia.”[9] In fact: “Epidemiological studies suggest reduced AD risk is associated with long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).”

These include over-the-counter offerings such as Aspirin (Bayer, Bufferin), Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) and prescription-only drugs like Celebrex (Celecoxib), Feldene (Piroxicam), and Mobic (Meloxicam).

However, there may be other reasons why long-term NSAID use is not encouraged. For example, NSAIDS can cause damage to sensitive gut tissues and lead to ulcers.

What can you do about inflammation?

Thus, a person might wish to turn to alternatives, such as anti-inflammatory herbals. These include the following.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annuum “acuminatum”), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Frankincense, Indian (Boswellia serrata), Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Sage (Salvia officinalis), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and White Willow (Salix alba).

You should also be aware that there are other supplements that can have an anti-inflammatory effect, such as Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), Bromelain – derived from the Pineapple (Ananas comosus) – Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids), Glutathione (C₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S), Magnesium (Mg), Resveratrol (C₁₄H₁₂O₃) – derived from Red Wine, Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima), and Vitamins A (Retinol), B-6 (Pyridoxine), C (Ascorbic Acid), D (Ergocalciferol), E (Alpha-Tocopherol), K (Phytonadione).

Additionally, your general diet can allay inflammation. Focus on green, leafy and cruciferous vegetables such as Bok Choy (Brassica chinensis), Broccoli (Brassica italica), Brussels Sprouts (Brassica gemmifera), Cabbage (Brassica capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis), Chard (Beta vulgaris), Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum), Kale (Brassica sabellica), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Other veggies can do you well also, including Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Don’t forget your berries – Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), and Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Additionally, you’ll want to add Olive Oil (Olea europaea) and Green Tea (Camellia sinensis). And, if you’re adventurous, you might spring for some mushrooms, including Maitake (Grifola frondosa) and Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum).

For more on dietary considerations for Alzheimer’s, see my article on the “MIND Diet,” HERE.

But the main point is that their seeming positive effect on Alzheimer’s risk suggests that inflammation is a major factor in the onset of dementia.

5.     Metal Poisoning (Aluminum, Copper, Lead, Mercury)

Let’s take these one at a time.

Aluminum

We’re continually exposed to this light metal. (For a more in-depth look at the sources of exposure to this metal, see my articles HERE and HERE.) And although it’s role in the development of various dementias is not entirely clear. Our sketchy knowledge is enough to raise concerns.[10]

For example, “[a]luminum seems to accumulate in the brain with age, and high levels of aluminum are found in the brains of victims of Alzheimer’s Disease.” The author then makes the obvious follow-up point that it is presently unknown whether the aluminum build up “is a cause or an effect of the disease”.[11]

Copper

Copper is a complicated metal to discuss because theorists are sharply divided over its role in Alzheimer’s Disease. On the one hand, there are those who speak about “copper therapy” as a means of addressing cognitive impairment. There is no question that copper is a micro- or “trace” nutrient that our bodies require in small amounts.

In small amounts. Note that phrase well. This reason?

“Too much copper …can cause a variety of ailments, including …severe damage to the central nervous system. …[H]igh levels of copper are also associated with …disorders, including …senile dementia (senility).”[12]

To read some more about the views on copper, see HERE and HERE.

Lead

Lead presents us with yet another case of how the various candidate causes on this list can dovetail. One journal article reports: “exposure to lead can potentially be implicated in Aβ and tau aggregation in AD”.[13] To translate: lead exposure might actually increase a person’s likelihood of developing the “beta-amyloid” Plaques and “tau”-protein-constituted neurofibrillary Tangles that are two major indicators of the presence of Alzheimer’s Disease. (For more on these, see their entry, below.)

Mercury

One author was convinced that mercury dental amalgams were capable of producing “[n]eurological …changes,” including the sorts of “sensory” problems that one sees in Alzheimer’s Disease.[14]

Besides his own stories, he points readers towards Tom Warren’s book Beating Alzheimer’s[15] for additional testimonial evidence.

Among the strongest statements that I located comes from Herman Casdorph and Morton Walker. Writing in their book, Toxic Metal Syndrome, they declare:

“Dental amalgams that allow mercury vapors to escape into the facial tissues, body, and/or brain cannot be excluded as a primary potential source of Alzheimer’s disease. …[T]here is no question that mercury vapor escapes with time from the surfaces of amalgams… There is definite evidence that mercury is shunted quickly from the blood and deposited in all organ tissues around the nervous system and brain.”[16]

The authors proceed to describe a study involving 22 autopsies – 10 performed on the brains of deceased Alzheimer’s patients, and 12 performed on non-sufferers functioning as the “control” group. The purpose was to catalog the prevalence of 13 “trace elements.”

The result?

The study’s authors stated: “[T]he elevation of mercury in …[Alzheimer’s] brains is the most important of the imbalances we observed. …This and our previous studies suggest that mercury toxicity plays a role in neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease.”[17]

Moreover, at least one pair of writers thought that mercury toxicity could be made worse when it occurred in the presence of other metals, chiefly copper and zinc.[18]

For more on possible sources of environmental mercury, including the aforementioned dental fillings, light bulbs (including compact-fluorescent and mercury-vapor), seafood (like tuna), and (some) vaccines, see my articles HERE and HERE.

What can you do about metal poisoning?

One common therapy for metal exposure is chelation. During chelation, certain substances are introduced into the body that form bonds with various metals, allowing them to be excreted.

Pharmaceutical-grade chelators include Ethylene-Diamine-Tetra-Acetic Acid (EDTA) – for lead and mercury; Di-Mercapto-Propane-Sulfonic Acid (DMPS) for mercury and Polonium-210; and Di-Mercapto-Succinic Acid (DMSA), for Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), and Mercury (Hg). Glutathione (C₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S) and Metallothionein (MT) are supposed to reduce levels of Arsenic, Cadmium (Cd), Lead, and Mercury. Additionally, Selenium (Se) is reportedly effective against Mercury as well. Transferrin is used to counteract Iron (Fe) poisoning.

Among the reputed alternative/herbal chelators are Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris), Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), and Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis).

Finally, various “Probiotics” (that is, “good” bacteria that live in your gut) – including Bifidus (Bifidobacterium longum), Acidophilus (Lactobacillus acidophilus), and Rhamnosus (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) – are possibly effective at reducing Cadmium and Lead.

6.     “Oxidative Stress”

Here’s the theory. “In the aging brain, as well as in the case of several neurodegenerative diseases, there is a decline in the normal antioxidant defense mechanisms, which increases the vulnerability of the brain to the deleterious effects of oxidative damage.”[19]

“Oxidative damage” is a bit obscure. In biochemical oxidation, some substance loses electrons. The most vivid example that I could find comes to us from everyday experience, rather than from biology. Iron turned into rust when it has lost electrons – that is, when it has been oxidized.[20]

Well, apparently, a similar change can occur inside of your body. There are some substances that can cause parts of your insides to “oxidize.” When this happens, if I understand correctly, the electrons are sort of carried around the body attached to particles typically called “free radicals.” These free radicals are unstable and are looking for something to react with. And the whole tangled business is, well… it’s bad, m’kay.

How bad? Well, some commentators suspect: “[A]ccumulated oxidative injury …results in many brain disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.”[21]

What can you do about oxidation?

Whether or not this amounts to a hard and fact causal connection, we can leave to the researchers to decide. But all this is one reason why I want to pepper my diet with oxidation-inhibiting substances called antioxidants. One of the best known of these antioxidants is good ol’ Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). (For more on this, see HERE.) I don’t know about you, but I’ll be loading up on the stuff.

Other fantastic (in the colloquial sense, of course) antioxidants are Beta-Carotene (C₄₀H₅₆), Lutein (C₄₀H₅₆O₂) and Lycopene (C₄₀H₅₆); Selenium (Se); Vitamin A (Retinol); Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol); and Zinc (Zn).[22]

The hormone Melatonin (C₁₃H₁₆N₂O₂) is also reportedly powerful in this regard, as are Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA), Astaxanthin (C₄₀H₅₂O₄), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Glutathione (C₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S), Methionine (C₅H₁₁NO₂S), N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH),[23] and the enzyme Super-Oxide Dismutase (SOD).

From an herbal standpoint, Burdock (Arctium lappa), Catnip (Nepeta cataria), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera), Green Tea (Camellia sinensis), Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), Oregano (Origanum vulgare), Peppermint (Mentha × piperita), Pine, Maritime (Pinus pinaster),[24] Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis), Sage (Salvia officinalis), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Turmeric (Curcuma longa).

As usual, diet is extremely important. “[M]any antioxidants can be obtained from food sources such as sprouted grains and fresh fruits and vegetables…”.[25] Berries like Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), Blueberry, Wild (Vaccinium angustifolium) and Goji Berry (Lycium chinense) and noteworthy. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is also potent. The Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) and Walnut (Juglans nigra) should also get special mention. And, again, green vegetables pack a wallop. For a start, refer back to the list provided under Inflammation, above.

But, for much more information on dietary recommendations – including a more complete enumeration of fruits, grains, meats, and vegetables – that are specifically geared toward Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia, see my previous article on the “MIND Diet,” HERE.

7.     Oxygen Deficiency (“Hypoxia” & Ischemia)

Okay. Time for a few definitions. “Hypoxia” – meaning, roughly, under-oxygenated – has to do with states of oxygen deprivation. “Ischemia” refers to a state in which the brains (or heart’s) blood supply gets cuts off. This might occur because of a narrowing of the blood vessels. Or it might happen as the result of a blood clot (called a thrombus) “clogging” an artery or vein.

In any event, our organs need oxygen to live. It is unsurprising, therefore, that ischemia often precedes (or occurs alongside) infraction – which denotes the death of body tissue due to insufficient oxygen.

If brain tissue can literally die from lack of oxygen, though, there is little question but that “ischemia and hypoxia” sometimes “result in dementia” – including Alzheimer’s.[26]

One researcher[27] has opined that “cerebrovascular dementia is a matter of strokes large and small.”[28] This leads many to further insist that stroke-precipitated dementias “should be distinguished from Alzheimer’s disease…”.[29]

Regardless, oxygen deprivation can cause severe – and lasting – cognitive impairment.

One of the most intriguing pharmaceutical interventions is a substance known as Ergoloid (Hydergine). It was discovered (or developed, depending on how you view it) by Albert Hoffman of Sandoz. Recognize the name? He was also the man most associated with the hallucinogenic drug Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), often referred to as “acid.” In any case, Ergoloid is reputed to increase blood circulation and oxygenation. But it’s mechanisms of action are not well understood.

What can you do about oxygen deficiency?

Hypoxia can interrelate with other conditions, such as asthma or pneumonia. During acute, and identifiable, hypoxic episodes, a person suffering from hypoxia (or the related “hypoxemia,” when blood-oxygen levels are dangerously low) may require oxygen masks or other breathing apparatus. This is an emergency. During such an event, doctors or other hospital staff will keep tabs on oxygen levels and intervene as necessary.

In some cases, it may be appropriate to administer bronchodilators such as: Albuterol (Ventolin), Aminophylline (Euphyllin), Fluticasone (Flonase), Fluticasone & Salmeterol (Advair), Formoterol (Foradil), Ipratropium (Atrovent), Levalbuterol (Xopenex), Mometasone (Nasonex), Salmeterol (Serevent), Theophylline (Theochron), Tiotropium (Spiriva), and Vilanterol (Breo Ellipta).

Herbs sometimes employed in this context include: Asthma Plant (Euphorbia hirta), Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis), Chamomile, German (Matricaria chamomilla), Coneflower, Pale Purple (Echinacea pallida), Coneflower, Purple (Echinacea purpurea), Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) Guelder Rose (Viburnun opulus), Gumplant, Hairy (Grindelia hirsutula), Indian Coleus[30] (Plectranthus barbatus), Indian Tobacco (Lobelia inflata), Khella (Ammi visnaga), Licorice (Glycyrriza glabra), Ma-Huang (Ephedra sinica), Nettle, Stinging (Urtica dioica), Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), Skullcap, Baikal (Scutellaria baicalensis), Sweetheart (Desmodium adscendens), and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris).

In more serious cases of respiratory distress, a physician might order an injection of Adrenaline (Epinephrine; EpiPen, etc.) – which is a both a hormone and a neurotransmitter – or some sort of oral steroid, like Dexamethasone (Decadron), Methylprednisolone (Medrol), Prednisone (Deltasone), or Prednisolone (Orapred).

Another possibly relevant concern is poor circulation. This can be addressed both proactively and therapeutically. Good eating habits are the foundation, here. This will include things like Oranges (Citrus X sinensis), as well as various kinds of fish, nuts, and red wine (in moderation). Since the Alzheimer’s-focused “MIND Diet” is based upon the heart-conscious “DASH Diet,” I invite you to see my main diet- and nutrition-related article, HERE.

However, be aware that supplements can be helpful. Some amino acids can be helpful, for example Arginine (L-Arginine), Carnitine (L-Carnitine), and Citrulline (L-Citrulline). Several vitamins and minerals are worth mentioning, also, including Magnesium (Mg), Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), and Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol).

Among the quality circulation-improving herbs are Barberry (Berberis vulgaris); Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum); Garlic (Allium sativum); Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba); Ginseng, Siberian (Eleutherococcus senticosus); Ginseng, Southern[31] (Gynostemma pentaphyllum); Goji Berry[32] (Lycium chinense) Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus); Lotus, Sacred (Nelumbo nucifera); Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca); Pepper, Cayenne (Capsicum annuum “acuminatum”); Pine, Maritime (Pinus pinaster); Prickly Ash, Common (Zanthoxylum americanum); Purslane, Common (Portulaca oleracea); Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea); Sage, Red (Salvia miltiorrhiza); Turmeric (Curcuma longa); and Woflberry, Chinese[33] (Lycium barbarum).

8.     “Plaques & Tangles”

“The cause and progression of Alzheimer’s disease are not well understood. Research indicates that the disease is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain.”[34]

This, then, is the received view of Alzheimer’s, that one of its telltale signs is the presence of these “senile plaques and neurofibrillary changes,” including the so-called “tangles.”[35]

As mentioned in a previous section, the plaques are generally made up of something called “beta-amyloid” protein. And the tangles are composed of “tau” protein.

So, another author reports: “When we use a microscope to look at the brain of a deceased person who suffered from Alzheimer’s disease, two abnormal structures can be seen: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Some elderly people without dementia have small amounts of plaques and tangles in their brain. In Alzheimer’s disease, however, there are many. …[P]laques are most prominent in the brain regions that are important for memory, thinking, and decision-making. These regions include the hippocampus and temporal and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex.”[36]

It’s an open question whether these structures are the cause of Alzheimer’s, or whether they themselves are caused by some other factor.

What can you do about plaques and tangles?

Presently and officially? Not much. Unfortunately.

However, there are experimental drugs[37] being developed (e.g., Aducanumab) that attempt to break up plaques and tangles. Some question the rationale behind this, however, since it may take more than the mere dissolution of plaques and tangles to beat Alzheimer’s. After all, beta-amyloid plaques are preceded by Amyloid Precursor Proteins, or APPs. Without a mechanism or strategy for ridding the protein waste, some people worry that busting up plaques will simply scatter the beta-amyloid and “encourage” its reassembly.

Additionally, certain herbs hold out promise of having “antiamyloidgenic” properties, including Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa), Magnolia (Magnolia offincalis), and Saffron (Crocus sativus). Additionally, some scientists suggest that Sulforaphane (contained in broccoli) and Resveratrol (in red wine) might also possess anti-amyloid potential.

For a bit more on these possible interventions, see my “Top 25 Herbs for Treating (& Avoiding) Alzheimer’s” and “Top 30 (+5) Supplements for Alzheimer’s Detoxification.”

9.     Toxin Exposure (Chronic)

Once again, this overlaps with at least one previous category – that of Metal Poisoning (for which, see above). But it turns out that researchers are concerned that our toxic-exposure problems go beyond mercury fillings and tuna fish.

Another set of worries revolves around “mycotoxins” (or fungal toxins) and pesticides. In this regard, one investigator had the following to say.

“Recent evidence suggests that in utero or early life-exposure to certain pesticides, metals, and other environmental contaminants may cause neurodegenerative (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, Huntington’s, ALS, and others), metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases, and cancer later in life.”[38]

What can you do to “detox”?

There are numerous strategies that you can use to help cleanse and detoxify your (or your loved one’s) body. I have written an entire article on this.

For the information, see: “Top 30 (+5) Supplements for Alzheimer’s Detoxification.”

10. Vitamin Deficiencies

The lines between these various candidate causes sometimes blur. And this final category provides us with a final example of this.

When the brain is deficient in certain vitamins – for example, various components of the B-Complex – “oxygenation cannot occur” and this, in turn, can present symptoms similar “to those in patients with hypoxia”.[39]

Additionally, as has been stated previously, it’s by no means obvious which way (if any) the causal direction moves. So, while it is possible that vitamin deficiencies could cause Alzheimer’s, some authors take contrary positions.

For example, one writer states that “…Alzheimer’s disease patients may develop nutritional deficiencies, such as a lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine)…”.[40]

Other vitamins have been mentioned in connection with Alzheimer’s as well.

One author mentions that “vitamin C may …be important in preventing Alzheimer’s…”.[41]

Another warns: “There is strong evidence that links vitamin D deficiency to multiple sclerosis and a growing body of research associating it with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well.”[42]

What can you do about vitamin deficiencies?

There are two primary and interconnected approaches. The first is to ensure (to the best of your ability) that you and your loved one are getting adequate levels of nutrients from your food. The basic starting point, here, is the so-called “Recommended Daily Allowances” (or RDAs)[43] that are established by the National Academy of Medicine.

Once again, I have a whole post just diving into this aspect of things. You can find that detailed dietary information, HERE.

Second, though, if there is a vitamin (or other) deficiency, then it might be appropriate to supplement with the vitamins that are lacking. I go into much more detail in “Top Ten (10) Nutrient & Vitamin Supplements for Alzheimer’s.”

A Few Summary Remarks

These Are Not the Only Candidate Causes

Although the ten possible causes just surveyed are among the most widely discussed, there are others that crop up in the literature from time to time.

For example, some investigators have observed (the fairly obvious fact) that Alzheimer’s risk increases with age. Well, some other things decrease with age, such as sex-steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, and progestogens). So, some researchers posit a connection between dwindling levels of hormones such as estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone and Alzheimer’s Disease. Those who think this way may recommend hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) as an intervention.

Other authors try to pinpoint the cause of Alzheimer’s in an inability (in some people’s brains) to assimilate simple sugars and use them as energy. If this is so, it would suggest treatments such as the administration of glucose or alternatives. One alternative that has gained publicity recently is coconut oil.

For more on these, see my companion article: “12 Surprising Treatments for Alzheimer’s Dementia.”

Caveats

Genetic Caveat

After surveying the various, hypothetical causes, one might get a feeling of foreboding. It is possible that you might have a reaction similar to that voiced by the author of one of the source materials that I read.

He exclaimed: “After hearing all of this information, I wondered why we don’t all have Alzheimer’s.”[44]

And it’s a good question!

The answer could very well depend upon genetics. The major player, here, is the so-called “Apolipoprotein E,” abbreviated ApoE. It comes in three main variants: ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4.

This isn’t the space to delve too deeply into this subject. But it’s worth considering that the various causal candidates – or some weighted sum of them – might only actually precipitate Alzheimer’s in a subpopulation that is predisposed to it in virtue of having one or more of these genes.

Philosophical Caveats

Here are a few important limitations to any discussion about causation.

Firstly, if we’re being technical about things in a philosophical sense, we should acknowledge that there is vast disagreement over what causality actually is[45] (and, for some thinkers, whether it exists or not[46]). This really isn’t the place to dive into this. Suffice it to say that the topic is a tangled one.

Secondly, it is a well-known logical-scientific maxim that establishing the existence of a correlation doesn’t settle questions about causation. Even if it’s true that every single Alzheimer’s sufferer whatever has lower-than-normal levels of acetylcholine (see above), that doesn’t demonstrate that acetylcholine deficiency causes Alzheimer’s.

A playful example can perhaps help to illustrate the point. Let’s stipulate that the following is true. For every single thunderstorm whatsoever, a barometer will register a decrease in air pressure. Even if this is universally true, it would be quite wrongheaded to conclude that the drop in air pressure (or that the barometer itself!) “causes” the thunderstorm. Thunderstorm development is a complicated interplay of moisture and air masses. (That’s the best I can do since I’m not a meteorologist!) This complex process involves a reduction in air pressure and, in turn, a falling barometer. But, arguably, these things are not correctly identified as causes of thunderstorms.

The moral: Correlation does not imply causation. So, be careful.

Thirdly, and relatedly, there are several ways that two things can be correlated. And although a few do deal with causation, the “causal direction” might not be quite what you would expect.

Consider two things, X and Y, that are strongly correlated, such that if X is present then Y is too and if Y is present then X is too. Still, any of the following could be the case.

X might cause Y. This is a possible explanation for the correlation. But, equally possibly (for all we know given only this evidence), Y might cause X. But it’s worse than this because it might turn out that both X and Y are both caused by some third, as as-yet unidentified, thing (Z). Finally, it could well be that X and Y merely happen to be correlated without any causal explanation.

Notes:

[1] The word “senile” comes from the Latin word senex, meaning “old man.”

[2] Carol Turkington and Deborah Mitchell, The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer’s Disease, New York: Facts on File; Infobase Publ., 2010, p. 64, <https://books.google.com/books?id=SA2X3ZHUZaEC&pg=PT82>.

[3] This drug is no longer used.

[4] Turkington and Mitchell, The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer’s Disease, op. cit., p. 43, <https://books.google.com/books?id=SA2X3ZHUZaEC&pg=PT61>.

[5] Clare Wilson and Debora MacKenzie, “Gum Disease May Be the Cause of Alzheimer’s – Here’s How to Avoid It,” New Scientist, Jan. 24, 2019, <https://www.newscientist.com/article/2191842-gum-disease-may-be-the-cause-of-alzheimers-heres-how-to-avoid-it/>.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Paul Ewald, Plague Time: How Stealth Infections Cause Cancers, Heart Disease, and Other Deadly Ailments, New York: The Free Press; Simon & Schuster, 2000, p. 125, <https://books.google.com/books?id=HlmxmE6TMCwC&pg=PA125>.

[8] Also called “Bear-Berry.”

[9] Bharat Aggarwal, Anushree Kumar, and Alok Bharti, “Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin Derived from Turmeric (Curcuma longa),” Lester Packer, Sissi Wachtel-Galor, Choon Nam Ong, Barry Halliwell, eds., Herbal and Traditional Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2005, p. 700, <https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBFTHxVXQwC&pg=PA700>.

[10] On how aluminum may “induce” neurofibrillary Tangles (for more on which, see their entry, above), see James Brown, Jr., Environmental and Chemical Toxins and Psychiatric Illness, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publ., 2002, pp. 103ff.

[11] Robert Ronzio, The Encyclopedia of Nutrition & Good Health, New York: Facts on File, 1997, p. 24, <https://books.google.com/books?id=1bzCYeHoJ8sC&pg=PA24>. For more on this, see: C. Exley, Aluminum and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Science that Describes the Link, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001 and Frank Murray, Minimizing the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease, New York: Algora Publ., 2012.

[12] Phyllis Balch, Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 5^th ed., New York: Avery; Penguin, 2010, p. 350.

[13] Anne Kim, Sungsu Lim, and Yun Kim, “Metal Ion Effects on Aβ and Tau Aggregation,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 1, Jan. 2, 2018, p. 128, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5796077/>.

[14] Hal Huggins, It’s All in Your Head: The Link Between Mercury Amalgams and Illness, New York: Avery; Penguin, 1993, pp. 41-42, <https://books.google.com/books?id=7enhqv95boYC&pg=PA41>.

[15] Tom Warren, Beating Alzheimer’s: A Step Towards Unlocking the Mysteries of Brain Diseases, Garden City Park, N.Y.: Avery Pub. Group, 1991. See, also: Tom Warren, Reversing Chronic Disease: Getting Well Again, Washington, D.C. & Chula Vista, Cal.: Capital Univ. School of Integrated Medicine; New Century Press, 2004.

[16] Herman Casdorph and Morton Walker, Toxic Metal Syndrome, New York: Avery; Penguin, 1995, p. 156, <https://books.google.com/books?id=7GJEveEcurMC&pg=PA156>.

[17] Ibid., pp. 156 & 158. In other words, mercury came in first; bromine was second. The study tested for Bromine, Cesium, Chromium, Cobalt, Iron, Mercury, Potassium, Rubidium, Selenium, Silicon, Silver, Sodium, and Zinc.

[18] Hal Huggins and Thomas Levy, Uninformed Consent: The Hidden Dangers in Dental Care, Charlottesville, Virg.: Hampton Roads Publ., 1999, n.p., <https://books.google.com/books?id=ePkelycnYAEC>.

[19] Carmelina Gemma, Jennifer Vila, Adam Bachstetter, and Paula Bickford, “Oxidative Stress and the Aging Brain: From Theory to Prevention,” David Riddle, ed. Brain Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press; Taylor & Francis, 2007, chap. 15; online at <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3869/>.

[20] Oxidation is usually spoken of in tandem with “reduction,” which is the technical term for a substance’s gaining electrons. Therefore, some sources describe the overall reaction – where one thing gains the electrons lost by the other thing – a redox reaction.

[21] Tetsuya Konishi, Haruyo Ichikawa, and Hiroshi Nishida, “Protection of Oxidative Brain Injury by Chinese Herbal Medicine,” Lester Packer, Sissi Wachtel-Galor, Choon Nam Ong, Barry Halliwell, eds., Herbal and Traditional Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2005, p. 560, <https://books.google.com/books?id=UxBFTHxVXQwC&pg=PA560>.

[22] Man-made and chemical antioxidants such as Butylated Hydroxy-Anisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxy-Toluene (BHT), and Propyl Gallate (Gallic Acid) are sometimes used in cosmetic- and food-preservative applications. Other compounds, like Tertiary Butyl-Hydro-Quinone (TBHQ), are employed in more “industrial” contexts.

[23] The missing “H” in the name has to do with the fact that NAD exists in both oxidized and reduced variants.

[24] This extract is sometimes marketed under the trademarked name “Pycnogenol.”

[25] Balch, Prescription for Nutritional Healing, op. cit., p. 65.

[26] See, e.g., Wilma Wasco and Rudolph Tanzi, Molecular Mechanisms of Dementia, Humana Press, 1997, <>.

[27] 20^th-21^st– century Canadian neurologist C. Miller Fischer. See, also: José Merino and Vladimir Hachinski, “Introduction: What Is Vascular Cognitive Impairment?” Olivier Godefroy, ed., The Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology of Stroke, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013, p. 1, <https://books.google.com/books?id=s5FxQ_3SAwkC&pg=PA1>.

[28] Charles Gaitz, ed., Aging and the Brain: The Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium Held at the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences in Houston, October 1971, New York: Plenum Press, 1972, p. 119, <https://books.google.com/books?id=zMtJAQAAIAAJ>.

[29] Gaitz, ed., Aging and the Brain, op. cit., p. 119.

[30] Also known as “Forskohlii.”

[31] Also called “Jiaogulan.”

[32] This is sometimes referred to as the “Chinese Wolfberry.”

[33] A.k.a. the “Matrimony Vine.”

[34] Samuel Barrack, Advances in Research and Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, London: iMedPub, 2012, blurb, <https://books.google.com/books/about/Advances_in_Research_and_Treatment_for_A.html?id=opDoR1LDACMC>.

[35] Gaitz, ed., Aging and the Brain, op. cit., p. 119.

[36] Sonja Lillrank and Christine Collins, Psychological Disorders: Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, New York: Chelsea House; Infobase Publ., 2007, pp. 48-49, <https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ_bMZhpuTYC&pg=PA48>.

[37] At various points, there has also been effort put toward the development of an anti-amyloid vaccine – e.g., UB-311. The idea, I think, it to try to elicit the body to attack plaques as they begin to form. However, this project does not appear to have had much success so far.

[38] Ramesh Gupta, Biomarkers in Toxicology, San Diego, Cal.: Academic Press; Elsevier, 2014, p. 4, <https://books.google.com/books?id=EMpUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4>.

[39] Gaitz, ed., Aging and the Brain, op. cit., p. 173.

[40] Casdorph and Walker, Toxic Metal Syndrome, op. cit., p. 18, <https://books.google.com/books?id=7GJEveEcurMC&pg=PA18>. He adds that this is often due to “routine, excessive, drinking of alcohol.” Ibid. Other writers speak as if Vitamin-B deficiency can be “Misdiagnosed Alzheimer’s.” On this, see Marie Mczak, The Secret of Staying Young: Age Reversal for Mind and Body, Twin Lakes, Wis.: Lotus Press, 2001, p. 19, <https://books.google.com/books?id=OtOVub6NH1AC>.

[41] Raquel Guine, Vitamin C: Dietary Sources, Technology, Daily Requirements and Symptoms of Deficiency, New York: Nova Science Publ, 2013, blurb, <https://books.google.com/books/about/Vitamin_C.html?id=BiXXngEACAAJ>.

[42] S. Roman and E. Monwry, “Vitamin D and the Central Nervous System: Development, Protection, and Disease,” Emilia Liao, ed., Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D: A Clinical Guide, Cham, Switzerland: Humana Press; Springer Intl., 2018, p. 232, <https://books.google.com/books?id=SYlXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232>. In yet a further case of interrelation, the author reminds readers that all four named conditions share certain features in common, such as “oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death.” Ibid. Several of these have their own entries on this list.

[43] Also called “Dietary Reference Intake,” or DRI.

[44] Huggins and Levy, Uninformed Consent, n.p., loc. cit.

[45] Some people think of causation as nothing other than statistical correlation. On this view, saying “A causes B” is just to say that A and B are strongly correlated in some (particular) way. Others prefer what is called the “counterfactual” account of causality. On this picture, saying that “A causes B” means that if A hadn’t happened, then B wouldn’t have happened. There are many other perspectives.

[46] Those who believe that it does exist are sometimes referred to as causal realists. Those who disbelieve in it – at least, as its usually conceived – fall into either an antirealist camp (those who claim that “causal claims” are merely abstractions) or a nihilist camp (those who think either that there are no true causal claims or that there just is no such thing as “cause” at all).

The precise cause of Alzheimer’s is, at this time, unknown. But there are a few prevailing theories. For instance, some people think that the disease is precipitated by decreasing levels of neurotransmitters, chiefly acetylcholine. Others believe that dementia is caused by the accumulation of various protein deposits – called “plaques” and “tangles” – in the brain. (For a sketch of the general situation, see my article “What Is Alzheimer’s Disease? A Brief Overview.”) Still others hold that the condition – or at least some variants of it – is brought on by exposure to toxins (a topic I explore at greater length HERE).

But there is a nonneglible group of investigators who think that Alzheimer’s Disease – or at least some  forms of it (see HERE) – can be caused by various dietetic deficiencies and similar problems. These problems pertain to a wide range of nutrients and vitamins, including Acetylcholine, Vitamin B (Complex), Vitamin D, and Vitamin E. Additionally, other substances are hypothesized to be helpful for the avoidance or treatment of Alzheimer’s, or for the support of healthy brain function in general. These include Copper, L-Carnitine, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Phosphatidylserine, Platinum, and Vitamin C.

10 of the Best Nutrients & Vitamins to Support Alzheimer’s Treatments (And Possibly Avoid Alzheimer’s to Begin With)

1.     Acetylcholine (C₇NH₁₆O₂+) & Choline (C₅H₁₄NO)

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, that is, a biochemical released by a neuron (nerve cell) that facilitates the transmission of messages in our nervous systems. Neurotransmitters are vital to healthy brain function. Problems with neurotransmitters (including their breakdown or deficiency) can result in cognitive, motor, and other dysfunctions.

In particular, a deficiency of acetylcholine has been suggested as a possible cause of Alzheimer’s.

It is available for direct nutritional supplementation. This being the case, it might be a good idea to take a little bit of the stuff, on the theory that your body will be less likely to “run out” of it.

However, the body is – in theory – capable of synthesizing acetylcholine. Another strategy, therefore, is to supplement with all the things that your body needs to make acetylcholine itself. There are several “ingredients” (loosely speaking), one of which is the essential nutrient Choline. Choline is available as its own supplement, or it may be obtained by taking Soy Lecithin (C₃₅H₆₆NO₇P) capsules.

Another ingredient seems to be Vitamin B-5. (For which, see below.) These necessary ingredients are called “precursors.” And since there is more than one precursor, the various ingredients are sometimes said to be “cofactors.”

2.     Carnitine[1] (C₇H₁₅NO₃)

Carnitine is an amino-acid derivative that appears to have several general health benefits. For one, it is supposed to rev up your body’s metabolism which, among other things, assists people in the burning of fat stores (leading to leaner physiques). It’s also reported to give a boost to immunity. But, for present purposes, the relevant fact is that carnitine shows promise as an Alzheimer’s-related intervention. In one study, going back to 1991, subjects treated with acetyl-L-carnitine “showed a slower rate of deterioration” than their placebo-imbibing compatriots.[2]

3.     Copper (Cu) & Zinc (Zn)

This one’s a bit tricky. (Or, rather… these two are tricky?)

On the one hand, some reports suggest that Copper is a prominent component of the plaques that gunk up an Alzheimer’s patient’s brain. This could be because the stuff bioaccumulates to a dangerous degree and should be consumed only with great caution. (Or it could be for some other, and as-of-yet unknown, reason.)

In this regard, at least one scientific article noted that Zinc supplementation could help to reduce Copper toxicity. The author stated: “Zinc therapy …protected against cognition loss …[and] significantly reduced …free copper in A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] patients…”.[3] So, perhaps Copper and Zinc “balance” each other in a way akin to that with which the electrolytes Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) balance each other. Zinc comes in various forms. (For a rundown, see HERE.)

On the other hand, Copper is an important trace mineral that plays crucial roles in healthy nervous-system and neurotransmitter function. So, you don’t want to be deficient in it, either.

Perhaps the moral of the story is to keep your Copper levels in the “Goldilocks Zone” – not to low and not too high. The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for Copper is around 0.9 milligrams per day. You may wish to consult with a nutritionist for a more personalized recommendation. But, the RDA is as good a place as any to start.

4.     Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Maybe I should call the omega 3s the “big fish” in this list, in deference to one of their primary sources – fish oil. Joking aside: “Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders.”[4]

Apart from this, Omega-3s support normal healthy brain, cardiovascular, heart, and other bodily functions. So, they made the cut.

There are actually three (3) subtypes of Omega-3 fatty acids: Alpha-Linolenic Acid, abbreviated ALA; Docosa-Hexaenoic Acid, or DHA; and Eicosa-Pentaenoic Acid, or EPA. Omega-3 supplements may include a blend of these. But, if yours doesn’t, you may wish to round things out by supplementing separately with the ones you seem to be missing.

5.     Phosphatidylserine (PS)

This difficult-to-pronounce “phospholipid” supplement has two different sources. On the one hand, it can come from cows (bovine PS); on the other, it can be derived from soybeans (soy PS).

What’s it good for? One article had this to say: “[Phosphatidylserine] decreased cholinesterase, improved memory, and improved hippocampal inflammation injury in A[lzheimer’s]D[isease-afflicted] brains…”.[5]

That’s an impressive list. Unfortunately, a lot of research pertains to bovine PS, which – following “Mad Cow Disease” (and similar) scares – is no longer commercially available. So, for right now, there is a question about whether the soy variety has the same benefits.

But, as I’ve mentioned in other places, I’m less interested in the answer than I am in avoiding Alzheimer’s. So, I’m tempted to add a bit of it to my supplement regimen. This is especially true since one apparent source of PS is soy lecithin – also a source of choline, mentioned earlier.

6.     Platinum, Colloidal (Pt)

This just something that I have gotten into recently. For reasons that I won’t go into, presently, I have become impressed that judicious supplementation with some metals might be salubrious.

While I won’t bet the farm on it, I think that platinum is interesting enough to pass along to curious readers. Call it a research lead.

According to one manufacturer of so-called “colloidal”-metal liquids, among platinum’s benefits are the following: “Promotes increased mental focus and concentration. Promotes enhanced mental acuity. …Promotes improved memory.”[6]

Anyway. It intrigues me.

Still, you want to be cautious when supplementing with any metal. You can overdo these things.

And as I have said myriad times on this website, I’m not a dietician, nutritionist, or medical practitioner of any kind. So, I could be way off base, here. Maybe you want to take your Platinum cum grano salis.

7.     Vitamin B Complex & Folic Acid[7]

This is called a “complex” because it is really a group of vitamins that, taken together, are vital for various “aspects of brain function.”[8] Not only this, but – as was the case with Vitamin D – “a significant proportion of the populations of developed countries suffer from deficiencies or insufficiencies in one or more of this group of vitamins…”.[9]

Therefore, one study concludes that high-dose “…administration of the entire B-vitamin group …would be a rational approach for preserving brain health.” I agree! (Not that my opinion means much.)

The main functions of the B Complex include supporting blood and brain health and promoting robust energy levels.

The numbering of the B Vitamins gets a little squirrely.

In point of fact, the scientific community only recognizes eight (8) Vitamin-B components (B-1, B-2, B-3, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-9, and B-12), even though the final entrant in the sequence – Cobalamin – is designated B-12. B-4, B-8, B-10, B-11, B-13, B-14 were all at one time proposed as components of the B Complex but were, for one reason or other, rejected.[10] A few of the later designations – B-15, B-16, and B-17 – were proposed by some scientists but rejected by others and, in any case, never were part of the B Complex as far as I could tell.

I like lists, however. And it bugs me (from an “aesthetic” point of view) to have gaps in numbered sequences.[11] Therefore, I am supplying all the various “B”-designations that I could find. But to differentiate the standardly accepted components of the B Complex from the rest, I have “grayed out” those compounds that have been rejected (or which were never included by the scientific community).

The Vitamin-B complex

• B-1 (Thiamine)
• B-2 (Riboflavin)
• B-3 (Niacin)
• B-4 (Adenine)
• B-5 (Pantothenic Acid)
• B-6 (Pyridoxine)
• B-7 (Biotin)
• B-8 (Inositol)
• B-9 (Folic Acid; Folate)
• B-10 (Para-Amino-Benzoic Acid, PABA)
• B11 (Pteryl-Hepta-Glutamic Acid, PHGA)
• B-12 (Cobalamin)
• B-13 (Orotic acid)
• B-14 (Xanthopterin)
• B-15 (Pangamic acid)
• B-16 (Di-Methyl-Glycine, DMG)
• B-17 (Amygdalin)

When it comes to Alzheimer’s Disease, several of the B-Complex components are relevant.

Thiamine has been discovered to be deficient in the brains of Alzheimer’s sufferers. It stands to reason, therefore, that Thiamine supplementation could provide a real benefit. One journalist, writing for the British newspaper Independent, has picked up on this. He relates that “[a] diet rich in thiamine can reduce your risk of getting Alzheimer’s disease, but some groups, such as the elderly, aren’t getting enough.”[12]

However, as we age, we lose some of our ability to absorb and use orally administered Thiamine.[13] So, it’s a bit of a pickle. You can try to eat more of it. But it may or may not actually make its way into the body where its needed. Still… I suppose that we must try. After all, just consider the alternative.

Riboflavin is, among other things, “…responsible for helping make oxygen available for use by your body…”.[14] Among the many hypotheses for the origination of Alzheimer’s is that it might be caused by brain “hypoxia,” that is, a state in which the brain receives less oxygen than it should.[15]

Niacin – particularly “sever…insufficiency” – is likewise associated with the onset of certain forms of dementia. Additionally, it appears that increasing dietary intake of niacin may have a “protective effect” on the cognitive powers of Alzheimer’s sufferers.[16]

Pantothenic Acid is a little less straightforward. According to one source that I consulted,[17] Vitamin B-5 is a “precursor” to the body’s generation of the vitally important neurotransmitter acetylcholine. B-5 supplementation, when administered alongside choline supplementation, supports the body’s ability to increase its own acetylcholine levels. (For more on this, see the first entry on Acetylcholine …& Choline.)

Vitamin B-5 doesn’t act alone, however. “The process is also dependent on zinc …and magnesium.” (For more on Zinc, see the Copper & Zinc entry, above. For more on magnesium, see HERE.)

Pyridoxine seems to be most relevant to dementia in terms of its supposed role in the regulation of human emotion. “Vitamin B6, …[including] pyridoxine, is involved in the regulation of mental function and mood.”[18] Since Alzheimer’s causing emotional disturbances (among other things), it’s probably wise to try to ensure that your (or your loved one’s) Vitamin-B-6 levels are where they ought to be.

Biotin is supposed (by at least one, Multiple-Sclerosis-related study[19]) to have “neuroprotective potential.” This may have wide application and come to be relevant to Alzheimer’s.

Folic Acid looms so large in current Alzheimer’s research that the important website WebMD published an article with the provocative title “Folic Acid May Help Prevent Alzheimer’s.”[20] That’s remarkable.

What’s the big deal? Well, it turns out that – among other things – Alzheimer’s-afflicted brains have higher levels of an amino acid called homocysteine as well as lower levels of Folic Acid. And this disparity doesn’t strike investigators as coincidental.

“Researchers suspect that high levels of homocysteine in the brain may damage the DNA of nerve cells in the brain. They think that folic acid may help protect the brain by allowing nerve cells to repair this DNA damage.”[21]

So, again…you may feel an urge to stock up on the stuff.

Cobalamin’s alleged importance can be communicated concisely. The current state of the research suggests that “Cobalamin deficiency may cause cognitive deficits and even dementia.”[22]

Summary: In all, the presently available evidence suggests that supplementation with the Vitamin-B Complex, whether through appropriate foods or vitamins, could be of vital importance for the avoidance and treatment of Alzheimer’s.

8.     Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

With Vitamin B (for which, see above), a recurring trouble seemed to be that many people don’t have enough of it – in one or many of its various components or forms. Relatedly, several studies suggest that “vitamin D deficiency is associated with a substantially increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease.”[23]

Is all this true? I haven’t a clue. I’ll let the researchers duke it out in the corridors or laboratories and on the pages of scholarly articles. Meanwhile, I’ll be trying to get more sunlight exposure and taking vitamin-D capsules. You can do what you like.

Just a word of caution. It’s easy to think that vitamins and other supplements have no risk. But this isn’t the case. Vitamin D3 is a particular striking example of this since its actually used as a rodenticide.[24] I’d say that this shows that it can be deadly to some animals in high enough amounts. Therefore, you need to keep a close watch on the dosages that you or your loved one take. This is especially important to remember when you’re the caretaker for a person with a cognitive impairment. (For more on household toxins and poisons, and the dangers they pose for the cognitively impaired, see HERE, HERE, and HERE.)

9.     Vitamin E

One online source got right to it, stating: “[A]dequate lifelong intake of Vitamin E may help maintain normal brain function in middle and old age and possibly ward off Alzheimer’s disease.”[25]

Firstly, “a large proportion of individuals may have a sub-clinical deficiency of vitamin E that over time contributes to an increased risk of developing AD.”[26] (Are you noticing a common theme with many of the vitamins listed? For more on this deficiency angle, see HERE.)

This has led some investigators to posit that, at the very least, “Vitamin E may be an effective agent in pre-emptively slowing the progression of AD.”

Additionally, some researchers believe that oxidation within the body “plays a main role in A[lzheimer’s] D[isease] pathology. …Vitamin E is one of the most important antioxidant and some data indicated that it could counteract …[certain kinds of] oxidative stress. Evidence from preclinical studies showed that vitamin E administration may be beneficial in AD. …[V]itamin E is not only able to reduce …oxidative stress, but also able to improve memory and cognitive deficits.”[27]

10. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Various studies have underscored the notion that Vitamin C – that is, ascorbic acid – plays “a crucial role …in promoting healthy aging of the brain.”[28] In fact, ascorbic acid is vital in at least three respects that are relevant both to the aging process in general and to Alzheimer’s in specific.

Firstly, it is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent.

Secondly, and relatedly, it is a potent antioxidant.[29]

Thirdly, it helps to check so-called “immunosenescence,” a 64-dollar word that designates the decreased effectiveness of our immune systems as we grow older.

Since it is both water-excreted and widely regarded as a prophylaxis against viruses – like the common cold – I don’t really see too much of a downside to supplementing with it. It’s in my medicine, er… vitamin cabinet.

Notes:

[1] This is sometimes known as “Vitamin B-20.” For the B-Complex Vitamins, see further on.

[2] A. Spagnoli, U. Lucca, G. Menasce, L. Bandera, G. Cizza, G. Forloni, M. Tettamanti, L. Frattura, P. Tiraboschi, M. Comelli, et al., “Long-Term Acetyl-L-Carnitine Treatment in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurology, vol. 41, no. 11, 1991, pp. 1726-1732, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1944900>.

[3] George Brewer, “Alzheimer’s Disease Causation by Copper Toxicity and Treatment With Zinc,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, vol. 6, May 16, 2014, p. 92, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030141/>.

[4] Simon Dyall, “Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Brain: A Review of the Independent and Shared Effects of EPA, DPA and DHA,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, vol. 7, Apr. 21, 2015, p. 52, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404917/>.

[5] Y. Zhang, L. Yang, L. Guo, “Effect of Phosphatidylserine on Memory in Patients and Rats with Alzheimer’s Disease,” Genetics and Molecular Research, vol. 14, no. 3, Aug. 10, 2015, pp. 9325-9333, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345866>.

[6] “MesoPlatinum® – Nanoparticle Colloidal Platinum,” Purest Colloids, 2019, <https://www.purestcolloids.com/mesoplatinum.php>.

[7] Folic Acid is actually part of the B Complex. But since it is often listed this way, I figured I would follow suit.

[8] David Kennedy, “B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy — A Review,” Nutrients, vol. 8, no. 2, Jan. 28, 2016, p. 68, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772032/>.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Sometimes, this was because it was discovered that the human body was able to synthesize the component in question. When this occurs, the compound fails to meet some of the definitional requirements for something to count as a vitamin – namely, that the thing be essential to healthy human life, but also that it be only obtainable from dietary sources.

[11] Elsewhere (see the relevant entry), I note that L-Carnitine is sometimes called “Vitamin B-20.” I have skipped that here because I was unable to locate anything answering to the labels “B-18” or “B-19.”

[12] Richard Hoffman, “Are You Getting Enough Vitamin B1 to Help Fend Off Alzheimer’s?” Independent, Jan. 31, 2017, <https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/healthy-living/are-you-getting-enough-vitamin-b1-to-help-fend-off-alzheimer-s-a7553581.html>.

[13] K. Lu’o’ng, L. Nguyen, “Role of Thiamine in Alzheimer’s Disease,” American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, vol. 26, no. 8, Dec. 2011, pp. 588-598, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218733>.

[14] David Samadi, “The Role of B Vitamins in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s,” Fox News, May 23, 2013; updated Oct. 28, 2015, <https://www.foxnews.com/health/the-role-of-b-vitamins-in-the-prevention-of-alzheimers>.

[15] See, e.g., “Could Lack of Oxygen Trigger Alzheimer’s?” New Scientist, Nov. 20, 2006, <https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10613-could-lack-of-oxygen-trigger-alzheimers/>.

[16] M. Morris, D. Evans, J. Bienias, P. Scherr, C. Tangney, L. Hebert, D. Bennett, R. Wilson, and N. Aggarwal, “Dietary Niacin and the Risk of Incident Alzheimer’s Disease and of Cognitive Decline,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, vol. 75, no. 8, Aug. 2004, pp. 1093-1099, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739176/>.

[17] Jonathan Wright, “Brain Breakthrough! Alzheimer’s and Cognitive Decline
are Reversed Using This Revolutionary Natural Program,” Nutrition and Healing, May 2015; excerpted at Foundation for Alternative and Integrative Medicine, <https://www.faim.org/brain-breakthrough>.

[18] R. Malouf, J. Evans, “The Effect of Vitamin B6 on Cognition,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 4, 2003, p. CD004393, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14584010>.

[19] M. McCarty, J. DiNicolantonio, “Neuroprotective Potential of High-Dose Biotin,” Medical Hypotheses, vol. 109, Oct. 16, 2017, pp. 145-149, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29150274>.

[20] “Folic Acid May Help Prevent Alzheimer’s,” WebMD, archives, Mar. 1, 2002, <https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20020301/folic-acid-may-help-prevent-alzheimers>.

[21] Ibid.

[22] A. Osimani, A. Berger, J. Friedman, B. Porat-Katz, J. Abarbanel, “Neuropsychology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Elderly Dementia Patients and Control Subjects,” Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, vol. 18, no. 1, Mar. 2005, pp. 33-38, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15681626>. See also Carlos Rieder, “Vitamin B12 and Folate in Relation to the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurology [dot] org, Jun. 26, 2001, <https://n.neurology.org/content/vitamin-b12-and-folate-relation-development-alzheimer%E2%80%99s-disease>.

[23] Thomas Littlejohns, William Henley, Iain Lang, Cedric Annweiler, Olivier Beauchet, Paulo Chaves, Linda Fried, Bryan Kestenbaum, Lewis Kuller, Kenneth Langa, Oscar Lopez, Katarina Kos, Maya Soni, and David Llewellyn, “Vitamin D and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer [sic] Disease,” Neurology, vol. 83, no. 10, Sept. 2, 2014, pp. 920-928, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4153851/>.

[24] “Cholecalciferol,” Pet Poison Helpline, <https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/cholecalciferol/>.

[25] Frank Murray, 100 Super Supplements for a Longer Life, Los Angeles: Keats Publ., 2000, p. 12, <https://books.google.com/books?id=q-PgoNm5HBIC&pg=PA12>.

McGraw Hill Professional, Nov 22, 2000

[26] Breana Cervantes and Lynn M. Ulatowski, “Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s Disease – Is It Time for Personalized Medicine?” Antioxidants (Switzerland), vol. 6, no. 3, Jun. 24, 2017, p. 45, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5618073/>.

[27] Agnese Gugliandolo, Placido Bramanti, and Emanuela Mazzon, “Role of Vitamin E in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence from Animal Models,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 18, no. 12, Nov. 23, 2017, p. 2504, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5751107/>.

[28] Fiammetta Monacelli, Erica Acquarone, Chiara Giannotti, Roberta Borghi, and Alessio Nencioni, “Vitamin C, Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 7, Jun. 27, 2017, p. 2504, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537785/>.

[29] Fiona Harrison, “A Critical Review of Vitamin C for the Prevention of Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, vol. 29, no. 4, 2012, pp. 711-726, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3727637/>.

As I have stated elsewhere, proper food selection is going to serve as the foundation of proper Alzheimer’s-proofing nutrition. Still, because of various environmental pressures – including exposure to toxins as well as the fact that even organic crops may be grown in conditions of nutrient deficiency – it may be wise to supplement your diet with quality herbals and vitamins.

Many herbs are reputed to be “nootropic,” that is, to be able to improve cognition, memory, and other mental functions. Reflecting upon my past research and writing (for example, HERE, HERE, HERE, and HERE) as well as upon a renewed glance at some recent scientific literature, I put together a top-twenty list of suggested supplements. Here are my picks (in alphabetical order).

But, before I get to this list, let me say one thing by way of a preface.

There is not a precise line to be drawn between plants that are thought of as “herbs” and plants that are thought of as food. For the purposes of this list, I am focusing on plants that are loosely understood to be in the former category. In other words, at present, I’m just talking about herbs.

This is important to note, here, because a great number of additional plants could (and should!) be named if we expand our list to include foods as well. For my list of foods that are recommended for Alzheimer’s, see my article on the so-called “MIND Diet.”[1]

Top 25 Best Herbal Supplements for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease & Supporting Mental Health

1.     Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

This herb is the first of several on this list that, for years, has been a staple in Indian medicine, or Ayurveda. “Ayurveda” is a holistic approach to healing and health that was developed within the Hindu philosophical-religious tradition. It’s “holistic” in the sense that it seeks to combine several strategies – including dietary and herbal recommendations as well as breathing and exercise techniques (usually referred to as “Yoga”) – that, from a “Western” point of view, often strike us as disparate and unrelated perspectives.

In any case, Ashwagandha is supposed to provide numerous health benefits, from lowering cholesterol and cortisol[2] (the “stress” hormone) levels to promoting restfulness and reducing feelings of agitation. For these reasons alone it might be a good addition to anyone’s daily nutritional regimen.

But in addition, Ashwagandha is also purported to have relevance to the treatment of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. One rather astonishing article title suggested that this herb might be capable of “revers[ing] Alzheimer’s disease”.[3] That would be nothing short of miraculous.

Still, even if Ashwagandha’s capabilities do not rise quite to that extraordinary level, it is still championed as a memory-booster and general “restorative” herb that, for some impairments, has been clinically shown to improve cognition.[4] The stuff is in my pantry.

2.     Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)

Also known as Water Hyssop, Bacopa monnieri comes to us from Ayurvedic medicine, where it is widely known as Brahmi. It is regarded generally as a multi-purpose “tonic” in Indian medicine. Where it really becomes of interest to us is its relevance to Alzheimer’s treatments. Specifically, Brahmi is reported to have various memory-improvement properties.

Recent scientific studies seem to have borne this out. For example, one article published in 2008 stated that Brahmi was useful for increasing cognitive-performance scores as well as for decreasing dementia-related depression.[5]

Another study strongly suggested that Brahmi was an effective anti-inflammatory.[6] This well positions it to help deal with so-called “Type III” Alzheimer’s, which is regarded by some investigators as being precipitated by inflammation. (For an introduction to this, see HERE; and for in-depth detoxification and hazard-eliminating suggestions, see HERE.)

3.     Calamus (Acorus calamus)

Along with several other herbs on this list,[7] Calmus, also known as Sweet Flag, is widely used for problems (including diarrhea and ulcers) related to digestion and the intestines.

But Calamus also exhibits several properties that make it a promising addition to your anti-dementia medicine chest. Firstly, it’s both a potent antioxidant as well as an anti-inflammatory.[8] Secondly, it shows real potential for cholinesterase inhibition.[9]

4.     Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)

Traditionally used for problems with digestion and joints, cat’s claw is used today as an herbal treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease.[10] Readers may be aware that the normal aging process in general, and Alzheimer’s in particular, is characterized by “the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein containing ‘plaques’ and tau protein …‘tangles’.” It is these “plaques” and “tangles” that are believed to play a role in the devastating degeneration of cognition and memory that is the symptomatic hallmark of dementia.

Well, the herb “…cat’s claw demonstrated both the ability to prevent formation …[of certain offending] fibrils …and tau protein tangles…”[11] and therefore gives researchers hope that it may hold a key to treating this dread disease.

5.     Clubmoss (Huperzia serrata)

Dementia isn’t curable, presently. But there are a number of interventions that are geared toward slowing a person’s mental deterioration.

One of these involves an “alkaloid” substance known as Huperzine A that discourages the body from breaking down the essential neurotransmitter acetylcholine – the depletion of which is one telltale sign of Alzheimer’s.

Recall that one of hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s, the condition manifests when there is a decline in the availability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Several “anti-cholinesterase” pharmaceuticals – such as Aricept and Reminyl – operate on the assumption that if the breakdown of acetylcholine can be prevented, at least the progress of Alzheimer’s may be slowed.

And what is one of the preeminent sources for Huperzine A? A handful of subvarieties of the herb Clubmoss, including Chinese Clubmoss (Huperzia chinensis) and Toothed Clubmoss (Huperzia serrata).[12]

6.     Cubeb (Piper cubeba)[13]

Herbalists may prescribe Cubeb for various stomach- and urinary-tract-related complaints. Like the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Cubeb also functions as a diuretic and might therefore be effective at treating high blood pressure, among other things.

But this herb is also being investigated for its potential as a cholinesterase inhibitor – like any of several, currently available prescription drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s. (See also Clubmoss.) So far, in experiments on mice, Cubeb has displayed some neuroprotective properties. If this pans out, it would comport with Cubeb’s traditional reputation for treating memory problems.

7.      Frankincense, Indian (Boswellia serrata)

Traditional medical uses for Frankincense include treatment of joint ailments (including both osteo and rheumatoid arthritis) and respiratory conditions (including allergies and asthma). The plant is also widely used in aromatherapy.

However, it has recently been argued that “frankincense …has the potential to improve memory in both normal-brain …and impaired-memory conditions.”[14] One way this herb performs this function is by virtue of its antioxidant properties. Alzheimer’s brains generally display severe “oxidation.” “…B. serrata has persuasive anti-oxidant activity…”

8.     Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic isn’t always thought of in the context of dementia treatment. But it is often part of a naturopath’s herbal repertoire.

Garlic is reputed to lower cholesterol. It is touted as a possible anti-viral. It’s supposedly full of essential nutrients. But, recently, I have seen researchers mention its supposed neuroprotective properties. These are due, at least in part, to the fact that garlic is a potent anti-inflammatory.

After one 2017 study, the authors conclude by suggesting that Aged Garlic Extract “could be a good supplementary food for the improvement of cognitive function in the elderly and A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] patients.”[15] And it’s so potent in other areas (e.g., as an antibiotic), I figure: why not add it onto your diet?

9.     Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

This one was a real surprise to me. I’ve known as various of Ginger’s health benefits for some time. But, mostly, the herb “specializes” in digestive ailments. For example, it can calm upset stomachs, reduce intestinal gas, and relieve feelings of nausea.

Additionally, Ginger is used in certain cold-relief and respiratory-virus preparations. It can be drunk as a tea from dried powder or fresh Ginger root. When the source is fresh, Ginger has the ability to produce a warming sensation in the body.

But, lo and behold, Ginger is now believed to positively impact cognitive function – at least in certain groups of women. One study reported: “[G]inger is a potential cognitive enhancer for middle-aged women.”[16]

10.  Gingko (Gingko biloba)

This is one of the two “big-dog” herbals in the dementia fight. Ginkgo is widely reputed to have powerful, memory- and mind-boosting powers.

Writing in her Natural Standard Medical Conditions Reference eBook, author Catherine Ulbricht forthrightly declares: “The scientific literature overall does suggest that gingko benefits people with early-stage A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] …and may be as helpful as acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor drugs such as donepezil (Aricept).”[17] (For more on standard, pharmaceutical interventions, see my article HERE.)

One online research-journal repository had this to say. “Ginkgo biloba could possibly help some people with Alzheimer’s disease to perform daily activities better again. …[Various] studies showed that taking a higher dose of the Ginkgo [EGb 761] extract (240 mg per day) could improve participants’ memory.”[18]

11.  Ginseng, Chinese (Panax ginseng)

Chinese Ginseng[19] is widely regarded for its broad restorative powers. It is sometimes designated an “adaptagen,” a classification which identifies herbals that are supposedly simultaneously capable of remedying either hormonal/nutritional deficiencies or excesses. It’s used to revitalize people suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and it’s also touted as a potent fertility-enhancer.

A handful of scientific studies are now painting Chinese Ginseng as a possible treatment for Alzheimer’s. In an article rehearsing one such study, the authors represented Panax Ginseng as capable of “improving” various dementia-related “cognitive deficits.”[20] They even suggested that it might function as well or better than some of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the market – including donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine (for more on which, see HERE.)

WARNING: There are a number of different herbs that go by the name “Ginseng.” For a discussion, see HERE. Be careful what you buy.

12.  Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)

This one is another one that’s on “loan” in the West from Indian, or Ayurvedic, medicine. (See Brahmi.) In this tradition, Gotu Kola (or Centella, as it is sometimes called) is prescribed as a general “revitalizer.” It is believed to have healing properties and (along with other herbs such as Chinese Magnolia (Schisandra chinensis) and various subtypes of Ginseng[21]) is rumored to increase both male and female fertility.[22]

Beyond this, Gotu Kola is used in folk- and traditional-medical preparations to improve cognition and recall. More strikingly, Gotu Kola is rumored to have various “neuroprotective” and even “neuro-regenerative” properties.[23] This would be extraordinary for patients suffering from various forms of dementia. In fact, it could potentially be a proverbial game-changer.

13.  Intellect Tree (Celastrus Paniculatus)

The name on this one is suggestive and might just be right on target. Yet another borrowing from Ayurveda, Intellect-Tree oil has been used as both an anti-inflammatory and an analgesic (i.e., pain reliever).

But the really interesting bit about this plant is its potential for memory enhancement. It’s long had a reputation in India as a general “nerve tonic.” Now, even a few peer-reviewed journals have begun to mention its capabilities.[24]

14.  Juniper (Juniperus communis)

Juniper has several received uses in traditional medicine. Many of these – for instance, heartburn and poor appetite – are internal and revolve around problems with digestion. Though Juniper is also used to treat kidney stones and urinary-tract infections.

A couple of species even show great promise when it comes to dealing with dementia. For example, both Cade Juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus) and Stinking Juniper (Juniperus foetidissima) have shown to be effective cholinesterase inhibitors.[25]

Beyond this, however, the essential oil of Juniper is often incorporated into various “aromatherapies,” that is, the use of plant fragrances for healing purposes. Startlingly, inhaled Juniper (Juniperus communis) also displays anti-acetylcholinesterase proclivities. And it’s a powerful antioxidant to boot.[26]

15.  Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)

This herb already has quite a reputation. It is widely used to improve mood and to assist is relaxation. It was also one of a handful of herbs approved as a sleep aid in 1978 by Germany’s advisory “Commission E.” (For more on this, see HERE.)

More recently, however, a four-month-long study demonstrated that, compared with a placebo, lemon balm improved “cognitive function” and reduced “agitation” in Alzheimer’s sufferers.[27]

16.  Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Licorice. Yes, that licorice. Well…sorta. The plant’s name literally means “sugar root” and it is the source of the licorice flavoring that is added to many candies and confectionaries.

For hundreds of years, Licorice has been used to treat intestinal inflammations, including duodenal and stomach ulcers. On the other hand, it’s also prescribed for bad respiratory infections, such as bronchitis, and it relieves symptoms (e.g., coughs and sore throats) of ailments like the common cold.

And now scientific research suggests that this sweet root “appears to be a promising drug for improving memory in the management of impaired learning, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.”[28] And, for once, that doesn’t seem like it’d be a bad pill to swallow.

17.  Magnolia (Magnolia offincalis)[29]

As far as I can tell, this is a new kid on the block. But a Korean study declared: “our results showed that extract products of Magnolia officinalis were effective for prevention and treatment of A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] through memorial improving and anti-amyloidogenic effects via down-regulating β-secretase activity…”.[30]

Did you catch that provocative key phrase? Effective for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s? That’s remarkable, to say the least!

18.  Periwinkle, Lesser (Vinca minor)

Periwinkle is routinely prescribed as a cold remedy in folk-medical circles. It is supposed to relieve chest congestion, ease coughing, and relieve throat pain.

From the standpoint of dementia treatment, the herb “has been reported to improve cerebral metabolism, increase glucose and oxygen consumption by the brain, and improve brain resistance to hypoxia”[31] – the latter being a state of oxygen deficiency in the brain, often the result of a stroke or “mini-stroke” (i.e., transient ischemic attack, or TIA).

One study seemed to show a marked improvement – compared to a control group – in cognitive function of a group of early- and middle-stage Alzheimer’s patients. Although the data isn’t compelling at this time, I think there are enough grounds for me to add it into my own herbal regimen. And, unless your healthcare professional gives you some good reason to the contrary, I suggest that you consider doing the same.

19.  Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)

There is evidence that this herb is a good choice for improving endurance and stamina and fighting fatigue – both physical and, yes… mental. But it’s also reputed to be useful for various nervous and nerve-related ailments. And a survey of some of the Alzheimer’s-treatment literature reveals hope that Rhodiola may prove to be helpful for numerous facets of this dread disease.

For example, one sees that Rhodiola has anti-inflammatory actions.[32] It has displayed various “neuroprotective” properties.[33] There are indications that it can increase both learning abilities and memory functions.[34] And it may even assist in treating some general age-related difficulties such as mobility troubles.[35]

20.  Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

This is the VIP on my top-ten list for one simple reason. It seems to have the longest history of being known as a memory booster. My authority? The bard himself.

William Shakespeare, in his famed production Hamlet[36] has the tragic character Ophelia exclaim: “There’s rosemary; that’s for remembrance…”.

Now, I’m not saying that Shakespeare is an authority on brain diseases – or even on herbal remedies. But I am saying that if rosemary already had a reputation as memory aid in his day, and that was 420 years ago, then I think we should at least lend it some credence.

This seems to be validated by scientific research as well. One academic author wrote that “All the available [data] to date …suggest that their [i.e., rosemary diterpenoids] effect on A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] is very promising and further research including clinical trials is well warranted.”[37]

21.  Saffron (Crocus sativus)[38]

A 2014 article in the peer-reviewed journal Human Psychopharmacology suggested that “saffron extract capsules …[were] comparable with [the pharmaceutical drug] memantine in reducing cognitive decline in patients with moderate to severe A[lzheimer’s]D[isease].”[39]

That’s pretty incredible – in the colloquial sense, of course. And it’s enough for saffron to earn a spot on my list. For more on mainstream, medical interventions, see my previous article HERE.

22.  Sage (Salvia officinalis)

Sage has been prized by herbalists for its antiseptic and soothing properties. It can be used in gargles and teas for colds and sore throats, for example. Additionally, it has been used as a therapy for asthma – both through ingestion and, sometimes, inhalation.[40]

Calling its therapeutic potential “promising,” one peer-reviewed scientific journal explained that “[i]n vitro, animal and preliminary human studies have supported the evidence of Salvia plants to enhance cognitive skills and guard against neurodegenerative disorders.”[41]

23.  Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis)

We’ve already discussed Ashwagandha, Brahmi, and the Intellect Tree. And now here’s yet another plant from, well… can you guess? If you said “India,” then you get a gold star. I’m beginning to think that Ayurvedic herbology knows a thing or two about brain health.

Thankfully, you can’t hear me trying to pronounce it. But I can say that Shankhapushpi is garnering attention for its memory-boosting and mood-lifting capabilities. One set of authors referred to the stuff as a traditional “nervine tonic” that was regularly employed for the “improvement of memory and cognitive function” as well as for the counteraction of sundry “nervous disorders such as stress, anxiety, mental fatigue, and insomnia.”[42]

The experiments mentioned by the same investigators noted that it “improved retention and spatial learning performance” in test rats. So, this one seems worth looking into.

24.  Spikenard[43] (Nardostachys jatamansi)

Haling from the Himalayas, this relative of the sleep-aid Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is believed to offer a wide range of health benefits. (For more on natural sedatives, click HERE. For background information on the importance of – and the difficulties that arise with – sleep for Alzheimer’s sufferers, see HERE.) Similarly, to Valerian root, it is touted as a soporific. It is also prescribed by naturopaths for bowel and digestional problems, especially constipation. But it’s also reputed to have anti-inflammatory qualities.

Would you believe that, on top of all that, it’s now being seriously investigated for memory-enhancement properties? Experiments with rodents suggest that that the stuff is able to boost both learning and retention.[44] So, it might be wise to stock up.

25.  Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Okay; I’m biased. I love turmeric. It’s an impressive anti-inflammatory. Period. I take it regularly because I have lingering rotator-cuff injuries.

Why is this inflammation-fighting property relevant in the present context? One hypothesis has it that (some varieties of) Alzheimer’s may be caused by – wait it… inflammation. So, my thought is: Wouldn’t it be wise to sprinkle a little extra of this anti-inflammatory into your curry?

But, if you concur with Basil Rathbone’s Sherlock Holmes (in the 1946 film Terror By Night) that curry is “Horrible stuff!” Then skip it and just take turmeric capsules.

Where to Buy

See our companion resource guide, HERE.

Additional Resources

• “The Alzheimer’s Dementia ‘MIND’ Diet: What Should You Eat?”
• Poisonous Plants (A Reference Database)
• “Toxic Alzheimer’s? Household Hazards: Gases, Molds, Poisons”
• Finally, as a companion to the present article, check out my earlier “6 Drugs That Treat Alzheimer’s and 20+ Natural Alternatives.”

Disclaimer:

As I have frequently noted, I am not an herbalist or a physician. I cannot prescribe anything. The information presented here is for research purposes only and is not intended as a a personalized treatment plan. You or you loved one may have allergies or other conditions that would contraindicate use of some or all of these herbs. Consult with a competent and trusted medical professional before consuming or otherwise using any of the plants mentioned on this (or any other) web page.

Notes:

[1] As I suggested, though, the line is not a little blurry. For example, one of the staples of the MIND Diet is green (and especially leafy) vegetables. These often include such offerings as Bok Choy (Brassica rapa chinensis), Broccoli (Brassica italica), Brussels Sprouts (Brassica gemmifera), Cabbage (Brassica capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis), Kale (Brassica sabellica), Turnip (Brassica rapa rapa) all of which are subvarieties of the Brassica genus. But Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) is also in same genus. Yet, Black Mustard alone is considered an herb or a “spice,” as opposed to a food. But, arguably any of the Brassicas – including Black Mustard – are good choices for Alzheimer’s treatment (or just supporting mental health). The point is that the distinction between “foods” and “herbs” comes down largely to practicality, tradition, and usage. From the standpoint of scientific classification, there is arguably very little difference.

[2] Gingko is also reported to do this. Read further on to learn more about Gingko.

[3] N. Sehgal, A. Gupta, R. Valli, S. Joshi, J. Mills, E. Hamel, P. Khanna, S. Jain, S. Thakur, V. Ravindranath, “Withania somnifera Reverses Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology by Enhancing Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein in Liver,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan. 30, 2012, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308347>.

[4] Shaffi Manchanda and Gurcharan Kaurcorresponding, “Withania somnifera Leaf Alleviates Cognitive Dysfunction by Enhancing Hippocampal Plasticity in High Fat Diet Induced Obesity Model,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 17, Mar. 3, 2017, p. 136, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5335828/>.

[5] Carlo Calabrese, William Gregory, Michael Leo, Dale Kraemer, Kerry Bone, and Barry Oken, “Effects of a Standardized Bacopa monnieri Extract on Cognitive Performance, Anxiety, and Depression in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 14, no. 6, Jul. 2008, pp. 707-713, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153866/>.

[6] Michelle Nemetchek, Andrea Stierle, Donald Stierle, and Diana Lurie, “The Ayurvedic Plant Bacopa Monnieri Inhibits Inflammatory Pathways in the Brain,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 197, Jul. 26, 2016, pp. 92-100, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5269610/>.

[7] Including Cat’s Claw, Cubeb, Juniper, and Spikenard.

[8] See, e.g., Ebrahim Esfandiari, Mustafa Ghanadian, Bahman Rashidi, Amir Mokhtarian, and Amir Vatankhah, “The Effects of Acorus calamus L. in Preventing Memory Loss, Anxiety, and Oxidative Stress on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation Rat Models,” International Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 9, Oct. 12, 2018, p. 85, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6202774/>.

[9] Mohammad Ahmadian-Attari, Abolhassan Ahmadiani, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Leila Dargahi, Meysam Shirzad, and Mahmoud Mosaddegh, “Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease in Iranian Traditional Medicine,” Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, Dec. 25, 2014, p. e18052, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341360/>.

[10] See “Cat’s Claw,” Document # D334, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Sept., 2016, <https://nccih.nih.gov/health/catclaw>.

[11] A. Snow, G. Castillo, B. Nguyen, P. Choi, J. Cummings, J. Cam, Q. Hu, T. Lake, W. Pan, A. Kastin, D. Kirschner, S. Wood, E. Rockenstein, E. Masliah, S. Lorimer, R. Tanzi, and L. Larsen, “The Amazon Rain Forest Plant Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw) and Its Specific Proanthocyanidin Constituents are Potent Inhibitors and Reducers of Both Brain Plaques and Tangles,” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, Feb. 6, 2019, p. 561, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30728442>.

[12] See, e.g., A. Desilets, J. Gickas, K. Dunican, “Role of Huperzine A in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol. 43, no. 3, Feb. 24, 2009, pp. 514-518, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240260>.

[13] Piper nigrum (Black Pepper) and Piper longum (Indian Long Pepper) are sometimes also used by natural healings for memory difficulties.

[14] Siamak Beheshti and Rezvan Aghaie, “Therapeutic Effect of Frankincense in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, vol. 6, no. 4, Jul.-Aug. 2016, pp. 468-475, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4967843/>.

[15] Nutchareeporn Nillert, Wanassanun Pannangrong, Jariya Welbat, Wunnee Chaijaroonkhanarak, Kittisak Sripanidkulchai, and Bungorn Sripanidkulchai, “Neuroprotective Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation Induced by β-Amyloid in Rats,” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan 3, 2017, p. 24, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295068/>.

[16] Naritsara Saenghong, Jintanaporn Wattanathorn, Supaporn Muchimapura, Terdthai Tongun, Nawanant Piyavhatkul, Chuleratana Banchonglikitkul, and Tanwarat Kajsongkram, “Zingiber officinale Improves Cognitive Function of the Middle-Aged Healthy Women,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, [vol. 2012,] Dec. 22, 2011, p. 383062, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253463/>.

[17] Catherine Ulbricht, Natural Standard Medical Conditions Reference E-Book: An Integrative Approach, St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009, p. 18, <>.

[18] “Alzheimer’s disease: Do Ginkgo products help?” Informed Health Online, Mar. 10, 2009; update Jun. 29, 2017, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279357/>.

[19] Also called “Asian Ginseng,” “Korean Ginseng,” and “Red Ginseng.”

[20] Jae-Hyeok Heo, Soon-Tae Lee, Min Oh, Hyun-Jung Park, Ji-Young Shim, Kon Chu, and Manho Kim, “Improvement of Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients by Long Term Treatment with Korean Red Ginseng,” Journal of Ginseng Research, vol. 35, no. 4, Nov. 2011, pp. 457-461, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3659550/>.

[21] On the disambiguation of the confusing name “Ginseng,” and how it is applied to

[22] Many times, female fertility-boosting herbs are quite different from those that are believed to boost male virility. For females, one often sees some mixture of the following: Black Cohosh (Actæa racemosa), Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus), Damiana (Turnera diffusa), Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis), False Unicorn (Chamælirium luteum), and Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). When it comes to males, I’ve run into the these as recommended supplements: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Astragalus (Astragalus propinquus), Bindii (Tribulus terrestris), Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng), Hygrophila (Hygrophila auriculata), and Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens).

[23] Yogeswaran Lokanathan, Norazzila Omar, Nur Puzi, Aminuddin Saim, and Ruszymah Idrus, “Recent Updates in Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Potential of Centella asiatica,” Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 4-14, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975583/>.

[24] See, e.g., Muhammad Akram and Allah Nawaz, “Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits,” Neural Regeneration Research, vol. 12, no. 4, Apr. 2017, pp. 660-670, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436367/>.

[25] M. Oztürk, İ. Tümen, A. Uğur, F. Aydoğmuş-Öztürk, and G. Topçu, “Evaluation of Fruit Extracts of Six Turkish Juniperus Species for Their Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase and Antimicrobial Activities,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 91, no. 5, Mar. 30, 2011, pp. 867-876, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21384354>.

[26] O. Cioanca, M. Hancianu, M. Mihasan, L. Hritcu, “Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities of Inhaled Juniper Oil on Amyloid Beta (1-42)-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Rat Hippocampus,” Neurochemical Research, vol. 40, no. 5, Mar. 6, 2015, pp. 952-960, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25743585>.

[27] S. Akhondzadeh, M. Noroozian, M. Mohammadi, S. Ohadinia, A. Jamshidi, and M. Khani, “Melissa officinalis Extract in the Treatment of Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Double Blind, Randomised (sic), Placebo Controlled Trial,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Jul. 2003, vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 863-866, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738567/>.

[28] Kosuri Chakravarthi and Ramakrishna Avadhani, “Beneficial Effect of Aqueous Root Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on Learning and Memory Using Different Behavioral Models: An Experimental Study,” Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, vol. 4, no. 2, Jul.-Dec. 2013, pp. 420-425, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3783792/>.

[29] This is actually a Chinese subvariant. The American Southern Magnolia is Magnolia grandiflora.

[30] Young-Jung Lee, Dong-Young Choi, Sang Bae Han, Young Hee Kim, Ki Ho Kim, Yeon Hee Seong, Ki-Wan Oh, and Jin Tae Hong, “A Comparison between Extract Products of Magnolia officinalis on Memory Impairment and Amyloidogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Biomolecules & Therapeutics (Seoul, South Korea), May 2012, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 332–339, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794532/>.

[31] Zhi-Kun Sun, Hong-Qi Yang, and Sheng-Di Chen, “Traditional Chinese medicine: a promising candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease,” Translational Neurodegeneration, vol. 2, p. 6, Feb. 28, 2013, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599149/>.

[32] See: Yeonju Lee, Jae-Chul Jung, Soyong Jang, Jieun Kim, Zulfiqar Ali, Ikhlas Khan, and Seikwan Oh, “Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Constituents Isolated from Rhodiola rosea,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, [vol. 2016,] Apr. 16, 2013, p. 514049, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652169/>.

[33] Ibid.

[34] See, e.g., Gou-ping Ma, Qun Zheng, Meng-bei Xu, Xiao-li Zhou, Lin Lu, Zuo-xiao Li, and Guo-Qing Zheng, “Rhodiola rosea L. Improves Learning and Memory Function: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms, Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 9, 2018, Dec. 4, 2018, p. 1415, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6288277/>.

[35] Granted, this experimentation was performed on fruit flies. See: Jasmin Arabit, Rami Elhaj, Samuel Schriner, Evgueni Sevrioukov, and Mahtab Jafari, “Rhodiola rosea Improves Lifespan, Locomotion, and Neurodegeneration in a Drosophila melanogaster Model of Huntington’s Disease,” BioMed Research International, [vol. 2018,] Jun. 10, 2018, p. 6726874, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015705/>.

[36] Act 4, Scene 5.

[37] Solomon Habtemariam, “The Therapeutic Potential of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Diterpenes for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Jan. 28, 2016, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4749867/>.

[38] This edible spice Saffron is certainly not to be confused with the highly poisonous “Meadow Saffron” (Colchicum autumnale), which is also sometimes referred to as Autumn Crocus. (For more on the latter, see HERE.)

[39] M. Farokhnia, Sabet Shafiee, N. Iranpour, A. Gougol, H. Yekehtaz, R. Alimardani, F. Farsad, M. Kamalipour, S. Akhondzadeh, “Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Crocus sativus L. With Memantine in Patients With Moderate to Severe Alzheimer’s Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial,” Human Psychopharmacology, vol. 29, no. 4, Jul. 2014, pp. 351-359, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25163440>.

[40] Like Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), Sage is sometimes smoked. Though one variety, Salvia divinorum, referred to as “Diviner’s Sage,” is reputed to be a hallucinogen.

[41] Adrian L. Lopresti, “Salvia (Sage): A Review of its Potential Cognitive-Enhancing and Protective Effects,” Drugs R&D, vol. 17, no. 1, Nov. 25, 2016, pp. 53-64, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318325/>. In particular, the study looked at Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) and Spanish Sage (Salvia lavandulifolia).

[42]  Rammohan Rao, Olivier Descamps, Varghese John, and Dale Bredesen, “Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review,” Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, vol. 4, no. 3, Jun. 29, 2012, p. 22, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3506936/>.

[43] Not to be confused with American Spikenard (Aralia racemosa).

[44] See H. Joshi, M. Parle, “Nardostachys jatamansi Improves Learning and Memory in Mice,” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 9, no. 1, Spring, 2006, pp. 113-118, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579738>.