As I have stated elsewhere, proper food selection is going to serve as the foundation of proper Alzheimer’s-proofing nutrition. Still, because of various environmental pressures – including exposure to toxins as well as the fact that even organic crops may be grown in conditions of nutrient deficiency – it may be wise to supplement your diet with quality herbals and vitamins.
Many herbs are reputed to be “nootropic,” that is, to be able to improve cognition, memory, and other mental functions. Reflecting upon my past research and writing (for example, HERE, HERE, HERE, and HERE) as well as upon a renewed glance at some recent scientific literature, I put together a top-twenty list of suggested supplements. Here are my picks (in alphabetical order).
But, before I get to this list, let me say one thing by way of a preface.
There is not a precise line to be drawn between plants that are thought of as “herbs” and plants that are thought of as food. For the purposes of this list, I am focusing on plants that are loosely understood to be in the former category. In other words, at present, I’m just talking about herbs.
This is important to note, here, because a great number of additional plants could (and should!) be named if we expand our list to include foods as well. For my list of foods that are recommended for Alzheimer’s, see my article on the so-called “MIND Diet.”[1]
Top 25 Best Herbal Supplements for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease & Supporting Mental Health
1. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
This herb is the first of several on this list that, for years, has been a staple in Indian medicine, or Ayurveda. “Ayurveda” is a holistic approach to healing and health that was developed within the Hindu philosophical-religious tradition. It’s “holistic” in the sense that it seeks to combine several strategies – including dietary and herbal recommendations as well as breathing and exercise techniques (usually referred to as “Yoga”) – that, from a “Western” point of view, often strike us as disparate and unrelated perspectives.
In any case, Ashwagandha is supposed to provide numerous health benefits, from lowering cholesterol and cortisol[2] (the “stress” hormone) levels to promoting restfulness and reducing feelings of agitation. For these reasons alone it might be a good addition to anyone’s daily nutritional regimen.
But in addition, Ashwagandha is also purported to have relevance to the treatment of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. One rather astonishing article title suggested that this herb might be capable of “revers[ing] Alzheimer’s disease”.[3] That would be nothing short of miraculous.
Still, even if Ashwagandha’s capabilities do not rise quite to that extraordinary level, it is still championed as a memory-booster and general “restorative” herb that, for some impairments, has been clinically shown to improve cognition.[4] The stuff is in my pantry.
2. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)
Also known as Water Hyssop, Bacopa monnieri comes to us from Ayurvedic medicine, where it is widely known as Brahmi. It is regarded generally as a multi-purpose “tonic” in Indian medicine. Where it really becomes of interest to us is its relevance to Alzheimer’s treatments. Specifically, Brahmi is reported to have various memory-improvement properties.
Recent scientific studies seem to have borne this out. For example, one article published in 2008 stated that Brahmi was useful for increasing cognitive-performance scores as well as for decreasing dementia-related depression.[5]
Another study strongly suggested that Brahmi was an effective anti-inflammatory.[6] This well positions it to help deal with so-called “Type III” Alzheimer’s, which is regarded by some investigators as being precipitated by inflammation. (For an introduction to this, see HERE; and for in-depth detoxification and hazard-eliminating suggestions, see HERE.)
3. Calamus (Acorus calamus)
Along with several other herbs on this list,[7] Calmus, also known as Sweet Flag, is widely used for problems (including diarrhea and ulcers) related to digestion and the intestines.
But Calamus also exhibits several properties that make it a promising addition to your anti-dementia medicine chest. Firstly, it’s both a potent antioxidant as well as an anti-inflammatory.[8] Secondly, it shows real potential for cholinesterase inhibition.[9]
4. Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)
Traditionally used for problems with digestion and joints, cat’s claw is used today as an herbal treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease.[10] Readers may be aware that the normal aging process in general, and Alzheimer’s in particular, is characterized by “the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein containing ‘plaques’ and tau protein …‘tangles’.” It is these “plaques” and “tangles” that are believed to play a role in the devastating degeneration of cognition and memory that is the symptomatic hallmark of dementia.
Well, the herb “…cat’s claw demonstrated both the ability to prevent formation …[of certain offending] fibrils …and tau protein tangles…”[11] and therefore gives researchers hope that it may hold a key to treating this dread disease.
5. Clubmoss (Huperzia serrata)
Dementia isn’t curable, presently. But there are a number of interventions that are geared toward slowing a person’s mental deterioration.
One of these involves an “alkaloid” substance known as Huperzine A that discourages the body from breaking down the essential neurotransmitter acetylcholine – the depletion of which is one telltale sign of Alzheimer’s.
Recall that one of hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s, the condition manifests when there is a decline in the availability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Several “anti-cholinesterase” pharmaceuticals – such as Aricept and Reminyl – operate on the assumption that if the breakdown of acetylcholine can be prevented, at least the progress of Alzheimer’s may be slowed.
And what is one of the preeminent sources for Huperzine A? A handful of subvarieties of the herb Clubmoss, including Chinese Clubmoss (Huperzia chinensis) and Toothed Clubmoss (Huperzia serrata).[12]
6. Cubeb (Piper cubeba)[13]
Herbalists may prescribe Cubeb for various stomach- and urinary-tract-related complaints. Like the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Cubeb also functions as a diuretic and might therefore be effective at treating high blood pressure, among other things.
But this herb is also being investigated for its potential as a cholinesterase inhibitor – like any of several, currently available prescription drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s. (See also Clubmoss.) So far, in experiments on mice, Cubeb has displayed some neuroprotective properties. If this pans out, it would comport with Cubeb’s traditional reputation for treating memory problems.
7. Frankincense, Indian (Boswellia serrata)
Traditional medical uses for Frankincense include treatment of joint ailments (including both osteo and rheumatoid arthritis) and respiratory conditions (including allergies and asthma). The plant is also widely used in aromatherapy.
However, it has recently been argued that “frankincense …has the potential to improve memory in both normal-brain …and impaired-memory conditions.”[14] One way this herb performs this function is by virtue of its antioxidant properties. Alzheimer’s brains generally display severe “oxidation.” “…B. serrata has persuasive anti-oxidant activity…”
8. Garlic (Allium sativum)
Garlic isn’t always thought of in the context of dementia treatment. But it is often part of a naturopath’s herbal repertoire.
Garlic is reputed to lower cholesterol. It is touted as a possible anti-viral. It’s supposedly full of essential nutrients. But, recently, I have seen researchers mention its supposed neuroprotective properties. These are due, at least in part, to the fact that garlic is a potent anti-inflammatory.
After one 2017 study, the authors conclude by suggesting that Aged Garlic Extract “could be a good supplementary food for the improvement of cognitive function in the elderly and A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] patients.”[15] And it’s so potent in other areas (e.g., as an antibiotic), I figure: why not add it onto your diet?
9. Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
This one was a real surprise to me. I’ve known as various of Ginger’s health benefits for some time. But, mostly, the herb “specializes” in digestive ailments. For example, it can calm upset stomachs, reduce intestinal gas, and relieve feelings of nausea.
Additionally, Ginger is used in certain cold-relief and respiratory-virus preparations. It can be drunk as a tea from dried powder or fresh Ginger root. When the source is fresh, Ginger has the ability to produce a warming sensation in the body.
But, lo and behold, Ginger is now believed to positively impact cognitive function – at least in certain groups of women. One study reported: “[G]inger is a potential cognitive enhancer for middle-aged women.”[16]
10. Gingko (Gingko biloba)
This is one of the two “big-dog” herbals in the dementia fight. Ginkgo is widely reputed to have powerful, memory- and mind-boosting powers.
Writing in her Natural Standard Medical Conditions Reference eBook, author Catherine Ulbricht forthrightly declares: “The scientific literature overall does suggest that gingko benefits people with early-stage A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] …and may be as helpful as acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor drugs such as donepezil (Aricept).”[17] (For more on standard, pharmaceutical interventions, see my article HERE.)
One online research-journal repository had this to say. “Ginkgo biloba could possibly help some people with Alzheimer’s disease to perform daily activities better again. …[Various] studies showed that taking a higher dose of the Ginkgo [EGb 761] extract (240 mg per day) could improve participants’ memory.”[18]
11. Ginseng, Chinese (Panax ginseng)
Chinese Ginseng[19] is widely regarded for its broad restorative powers. It is sometimes designated an “adaptagen,” a classification which identifies herbals that are supposedly simultaneously capable of remedying either hormonal/nutritional deficiencies or excesses. It’s used to revitalize people suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and it’s also touted as a potent fertility-enhancer.
A handful of scientific studies are now painting Chinese Ginseng as a possible treatment for Alzheimer’s. In an article rehearsing one such study, the authors represented Panax Ginseng as capable of “improving” various dementia-related “cognitive deficits.”[20] They even suggested that it might function as well or better than some of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the market – including donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine (for more on which, see HERE.)
WARNING: There are a number of different herbs that go by the name “Ginseng.” For a discussion, see HERE. Be careful what you buy.
12. Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
This one is another one that’s on “loan” in the West from Indian, or Ayurvedic, medicine. (See Brahmi.) In this tradition, Gotu Kola (or Centella, as it is sometimes called) is prescribed as a general “revitalizer.” It is believed to have healing properties and (along with other herbs such as Chinese Magnolia (Schisandra chinensis) and various subtypes of Ginseng[21]) is rumored to increase both male and female fertility.[22]
Beyond this, Gotu Kola is used in folk- and traditional-medical preparations to improve cognition and recall. More strikingly, Gotu Kola is rumored to have various “neuroprotective” and even “neuro-regenerative” properties.[23] This would be extraordinary for patients suffering from various forms of dementia. In fact, it could potentially be a proverbial game-changer.
13. Intellect Tree (Celastrus Paniculatus)
The name on this one is suggestive and might just be right on target. Yet another borrowing from Ayurveda, Intellect-Tree oil has been used as both an anti-inflammatory and an analgesic (i.e., pain reliever).
But the really interesting bit about this plant is its potential for memory enhancement. It’s long had a reputation in India as a general “nerve tonic.” Now, even a few peer-reviewed journals have begun to mention its capabilities.[24]
14. Juniper (Juniperus communis)
Juniper has several received uses in traditional medicine. Many of these – for instance, heartburn and poor appetite – are internal and revolve around problems with digestion. Though Juniper is also used to treat kidney stones and urinary-tract infections.
A couple of species even show great promise when it comes to dealing with dementia. For example, both Cade Juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus) and Stinking Juniper (Juniperus foetidissima) have shown to be effective cholinesterase inhibitors.[25]
Beyond this, however, the essential oil of Juniper is often incorporated into various “aromatherapies,” that is, the use of plant fragrances for healing purposes. Startlingly, inhaled Juniper (Juniperus communis) also displays anti-acetylcholinesterase proclivities. And it’s a powerful antioxidant to boot.[26]
15. Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)
This herb already has quite a reputation. It is widely used to improve mood and to assist is relaxation. It was also one of a handful of herbs approved as a sleep aid in 1978 by Germany’s advisory “Commission E.” (For more on this, see HERE.)
More recently, however, a four-month-long study demonstrated that, compared with a placebo, lemon balm improved “cognitive function” and reduced “agitation” in Alzheimer’s sufferers.[27]
16. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Licorice. Yes, that licorice. Well…sorta. The plant’s name literally means “sugar root” and it is the source of the licorice flavoring that is added to many candies and confectionaries.
For hundreds of years, Licorice has been used to treat intestinal inflammations, including duodenal and stomach ulcers. On the other hand, it’s also prescribed for bad respiratory infections, such as bronchitis, and it relieves symptoms (e.g., coughs and sore throats) of ailments like the common cold.
And now scientific research suggests that this sweet root “appears to be a promising drug for improving memory in the management of impaired learning, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.”[28] And, for once, that doesn’t seem like it’d be a bad pill to swallow.
17. Magnolia (Magnolia offincalis)[29]
As far as I can tell, this is a new kid on the block. But a Korean study declared: “our results showed that extract products of Magnolia officinalis were effective for prevention and treatment of A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] through memorial improving and anti-amyloidogenic effects via down-regulating β-secretase activity…”.[30]
Did you catch that provocative key phrase? Effective for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s? That’s remarkable, to say the least!
18. Periwinkle, Lesser (Vinca minor)
Periwinkle is routinely prescribed as a cold remedy in folk-medical circles. It is supposed to relieve chest congestion, ease coughing, and relieve throat pain.
From the standpoint of dementia treatment, the herb “has been reported to improve cerebral metabolism, increase glucose and oxygen consumption by the brain, and improve brain resistance to hypoxia”[31] – the latter being a state of oxygen deficiency in the brain, often the result of a stroke or “mini-stroke” (i.e., transient ischemic attack, or TIA).
One study seemed to show a marked improvement – compared to a control group – in cognitive function of a group of early- and middle-stage Alzheimer’s patients. Although the data isn’t compelling at this time, I think there are enough grounds for me to add it into my own herbal regimen. And, unless your healthcare professional gives you some good reason to the contrary, I suggest that you consider doing the same.
19. Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)
There is evidence that this herb is a good choice for improving endurance and stamina and fighting fatigue – both physical and, yes… mental. But it’s also reputed to be useful for various nervous and nerve-related ailments. And a survey of some of the Alzheimer’s-treatment literature reveals hope that Rhodiola may prove to be helpful for numerous facets of this dread disease.
For example, one sees that Rhodiola has anti-inflammatory actions.[32] It has displayed various “neuroprotective” properties.[33] There are indications that it can increase both learning abilities and memory functions.[34] And it may even assist in treating some general age-related difficulties such as mobility troubles.[35]
20. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
This is the VIP on my top-ten list for one simple reason. It seems to have the longest history of being known as a memory booster. My authority? The bard himself.
William Shakespeare, in his famed production Hamlet[36] has the tragic character Ophelia exclaim: “There’s rosemary; that’s for remembrance…”.
Now, I’m not saying that Shakespeare is an authority on brain diseases – or even on herbal remedies. But I am saying that if rosemary already had a reputation as memory aid in his day, and that was 420 years ago, then I think we should at least lend it some credence.
This seems to be validated by scientific research as well. One academic author wrote that “All the available [data] to date …suggest that their [i.e., rosemary diterpenoids] effect on A[lzheimer’s]D[isease] is very promising and further research including clinical trials is well warranted.”[37]
21. Saffron (Crocus sativus)[38]
A 2014 article in the peer-reviewed journal Human Psychopharmacology suggested that “saffron extract capsules …[were] comparable with [the pharmaceutical drug] memantine in reducing cognitive decline in patients with moderate to severe A[lzheimer’s]D[isease].”[39]
That’s pretty incredible – in the colloquial sense, of course. And it’s enough for saffron to earn a spot on my list. For more on mainstream, medical interventions, see my previous article HERE.
22. Sage (Salvia officinalis)
Sage has been prized by herbalists for its antiseptic and soothing properties. It can be used in gargles and teas for colds and sore throats, for example. Additionally, it has been used as a therapy for asthma – both through ingestion and, sometimes, inhalation.[40]
Calling its therapeutic potential “promising,” one peer-reviewed scientific journal explained that “[i]n vitro, animal and preliminary human studies have supported the evidence of Salvia plants to enhance cognitive skills and guard against neurodegenerative disorders.”[41]
23. Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis)
We’ve already discussed Ashwagandha, Brahmi, and the Intellect Tree. And now here’s yet another plant from, well… can you guess? If you said “India,” then you get a gold star. I’m beginning to think that Ayurvedic herbology knows a thing or two about brain health.
Thankfully, you can’t hear me trying to pronounce it. But I can say that Shankhapushpi is garnering attention for its memory-boosting and mood-lifting capabilities. One set of authors referred to the stuff as a traditional “nervine tonic” that was regularly employed for the “improvement of memory and cognitive function” as well as for the counteraction of sundry “nervous disorders such as stress, anxiety, mental fatigue, and insomnia.”[42]
The experiments mentioned by the same investigators noted that it “improved retention and spatial learning performance” in test rats. So, this one seems worth looking into.
24. Spikenard[43] (Nardostachys jatamansi)
Haling from the Himalayas, this relative of the sleep-aid Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is believed to offer a wide range of health benefits. (For more on natural sedatives, click HERE. For background information on the importance of – and the difficulties that arise with – sleep for Alzheimer’s sufferers, see HERE.) Similarly, to Valerian root, it is touted as a soporific. It is also prescribed by naturopaths for bowel and digestional problems, especially constipation. But it’s also reputed to have anti-inflammatory qualities.
Would you believe that, on top of all that, it’s now being seriously investigated for memory-enhancement properties? Experiments with rodents suggest that that the stuff is able to boost both learning and retention.[44] So, it might be wise to stock up.
25. Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Okay; I’m biased. I love turmeric. It’s an impressive anti-inflammatory. Period. I take it regularly because I have lingering rotator-cuff injuries.
Why is this inflammation-fighting property relevant in the present context? One hypothesis has it that (some varieties of) Alzheimer’s may be caused by – wait it… inflammation. So, my thought is: Wouldn’t it be wise to sprinkle a little extra of this anti-inflammatory into your curry?
But, if you concur with Basil Rathbone’s Sherlock Holmes (in the 1946 film Terror By Night) that curry is “Horrible stuff!” Then skip it and just take turmeric capsules.
Where to Buy
See our companion resource guide, HERE.
Additional Resources
- “The Alzheimer’s Dementia ‘MIND’ Diet: What Should You Eat?”
- Poisonous Plants (A Reference Database)
- “Toxic Alzheimer’s? Household Hazards: Gases, Molds, Poisons”
- Finally, as a companion to the present article, check out my earlier “6 Drugs That Treat Alzheimer’s and 20+ Natural Alternatives.”
Disclaimer:
As I have frequently noted, I am not an herbalist or a physician. I cannot prescribe anything. The information presented here is for research purposes only and is not intended as a a personalized treatment plan. You or you loved one may have allergies or other conditions that would contraindicate use of some or all of these herbs. Consult with a competent and trusted medical professional before consuming or otherwise using any of the plants mentioned on this (or any other) web page.
Notes:
[1] As I suggested, though, the line is not a little blurry. For example, one of the staples of the MIND Diet is green (and especially leafy) vegetables. These often include such offerings as Bok Choy (Brassica rapa chinensis), Broccoli (Brassica italica), Brussels Sprouts (Brassica gemmifera), Cabbage (Brassica capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis), Kale (Brassica sabellica), Turnip (Brassica rapa rapa) all of which are subvarieties of the Brassica genus. But Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) is also in same genus. Yet, Black Mustard alone is considered an herb or a “spice,” as opposed to a food. But, arguably any of the Brassicas – including Black Mustard – are good choices for Alzheimer’s treatment (or just supporting mental health). The point is that the distinction between “foods” and “herbs” comes down largely to practicality, tradition, and usage. From the standpoint of scientific classification, there is arguably very little difference.
[2] Gingko is also reported to do this. Read further on to learn more about Gingko.
[3] N. Sehgal, A. Gupta, R. Valli, S. Joshi, J. Mills, E. Hamel, P. Khanna, S. Jain, S. Thakur, V. Ravindranath, “Withania somnifera Reverses Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology by Enhancing Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein in Liver,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan. 30, 2012, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308347>.
[4] Shaffi Manchanda and Gurcharan Kaurcorresponding, “Withania somnifera Leaf Alleviates Cognitive Dysfunction by Enhancing Hippocampal Plasticity in High Fat Diet Induced Obesity Model,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 17, Mar. 3, 2017, p. 136, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5335828/>.
[5] Carlo Calabrese, William Gregory, Michael Leo, Dale Kraemer, Kerry Bone, and Barry Oken, “Effects of a Standardized Bacopa monnieri Extract on Cognitive Performance, Anxiety, and Depression in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 14, no. 6, Jul. 2008, pp. 707-713, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153866/>.
[6] Michelle Nemetchek, Andrea Stierle, Donald Stierle, and Diana Lurie, “The Ayurvedic Plant Bacopa Monnieri Inhibits Inflammatory Pathways in the Brain,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 197, Jul. 26, 2016, pp. 92-100, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5269610/>.
[7] Including Cat’s Claw, Cubeb, Juniper, and Spikenard.
[8] See, e.g., Ebrahim Esfandiari, Mustafa Ghanadian, Bahman Rashidi, Amir Mokhtarian, and Amir Vatankhah, “The Effects of Acorus calamus L. in Preventing Memory Loss, Anxiety, and Oxidative Stress on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation Rat Models,” International Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 9, Oct. 12, 2018, p. 85, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6202774/>.
[9] Mohammad Ahmadian-Attari, Abolhassan Ahmadiani, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Leila Dargahi, Meysam Shirzad, and Mahmoud Mosaddegh, “Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease in Iranian Traditional Medicine,” Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, Dec. 25, 2014, p. e18052, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341360/>.
[10] See “Cat’s Claw,” Document # D334, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Sept., 2016, <https://nccih.nih.gov/health/catclaw>.
[11] A. Snow, G. Castillo, B. Nguyen, P. Choi, J. Cummings, J. Cam, Q. Hu, T. Lake, W. Pan, A. Kastin, D. Kirschner, S. Wood, E. Rockenstein, E. Masliah, S. Lorimer, R. Tanzi, and L. Larsen, “The Amazon Rain Forest Plant Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw) and Its Specific Proanthocyanidin Constituents are Potent Inhibitors and Reducers of Both Brain Plaques and Tangles,” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, Feb. 6, 2019, p. 561, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30728442>.
[12] See, e.g., A. Desilets, J. Gickas, K. Dunican, “Role of Huperzine A in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol. 43, no. 3, Feb. 24, 2009, pp. 514-518, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240260>.
[13] Piper nigrum (Black Pepper) and Piper longum (Indian Long Pepper) are sometimes also used by natural healings for memory difficulties.
[14] Siamak Beheshti and Rezvan Aghaie, “Therapeutic Effect of Frankincense in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, vol. 6, no. 4, Jul.-Aug. 2016, pp. 468-475, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4967843/>.
[15] Nutchareeporn Nillert, Wanassanun Pannangrong, Jariya Welbat, Wunnee Chaijaroonkhanarak, Kittisak Sripanidkulchai, and Bungorn Sripanidkulchai, “Neuroprotective Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation Induced by β-Amyloid in Rats,” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan 3, 2017, p. 24, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295068/>.
[16] Naritsara Saenghong, Jintanaporn Wattanathorn, Supaporn Muchimapura, Terdthai Tongun, Nawanant Piyavhatkul, Chuleratana Banchonglikitkul, and Tanwarat Kajsongkram, “Zingiber officinale Improves Cognitive Function of the Middle-Aged Healthy Women,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, [vol. 2012,] Dec. 22, 2011, p. 383062, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253463/>.
[17] Catherine Ulbricht, Natural Standard Medical Conditions Reference E-Book: An Integrative Approach, St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009, p. 18, <>.
[18] “Alzheimer’s disease: Do Ginkgo products help?” Informed Health Online, Mar. 10, 2009; update Jun. 29, 2017, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279357/>.
[19] Also called “Asian Ginseng,” “Korean Ginseng,” and “Red Ginseng.”
[20] Jae-Hyeok Heo, Soon-Tae Lee, Min Oh, Hyun-Jung Park, Ji-Young Shim, Kon Chu, and Manho Kim, “Improvement of Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients by Long Term Treatment with Korean Red Ginseng,” Journal of Ginseng Research, vol. 35, no. 4, Nov. 2011, pp. 457-461, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3659550/>.
[21] On the disambiguation of the confusing name “Ginseng,” and how it is applied to
[22] Many times, female fertility-boosting herbs are quite different from those that are believed to boost male virility. For females, one often sees some mixture of the following: Black Cohosh (Actæa racemosa), Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus), Damiana (Turnera diffusa), Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis), False Unicorn (Chamælirium luteum), and Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). When it comes to males, I’ve run into the these as recommended supplements: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Astragalus (Astragalus propinquus), Bindii (Tribulus terrestris), Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng), Hygrophila (Hygrophila auriculata), and Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens).
[23] Yogeswaran Lokanathan, Norazzila Omar, Nur Puzi, Aminuddin Saim, and Ruszymah Idrus, “Recent Updates in Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Potential of Centella asiatica,” Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 4-14, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975583/>.
[24] See, e.g., Muhammad Akram and Allah Nawaz, “Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits,” Neural Regeneration Research, vol. 12, no. 4, Apr. 2017, pp. 660-670, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436367/>.
[25] M. Oztürk, İ. Tümen, A. Uğur, F. Aydoğmuş-Öztürk, and G. Topçu, “Evaluation of Fruit Extracts of Six Turkish Juniperus Species for Their Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase and Antimicrobial Activities,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 91, no. 5, Mar. 30, 2011, pp. 867-876, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21384354>.
[26] O. Cioanca, M. Hancianu, M. Mihasan, L. Hritcu, “Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities of Inhaled Juniper Oil on Amyloid Beta (1-42)-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Rat Hippocampus,” Neurochemical Research, vol. 40, no. 5, Mar. 6, 2015, pp. 952-960, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25743585>.
[27] S. Akhondzadeh, M. Noroozian, M. Mohammadi, S. Ohadinia, A. Jamshidi, and M. Khani, “Melissa officinalis Extract in the Treatment of Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Double Blind, Randomised (sic), Placebo Controlled Trial,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Jul. 2003, vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 863-866, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738567/>.
[28] Kosuri Chakravarthi and Ramakrishna Avadhani, “Beneficial Effect of Aqueous Root Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on Learning and Memory Using Different Behavioral Models: An Experimental Study,” Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, vol. 4, no. 2, Jul.-Dec. 2013, pp. 420-425, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3783792/>.
[29] This is actually a Chinese subvariant. The American Southern Magnolia is Magnolia grandiflora.
[30] Young-Jung Lee, Dong-Young Choi, Sang Bae Han, Young Hee Kim, Ki Ho Kim, Yeon Hee Seong, Ki-Wan Oh, and Jin Tae Hong, “A Comparison between Extract Products of Magnolia officinalis on Memory Impairment and Amyloidogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Biomolecules & Therapeutics (Seoul, South Korea), May 2012, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 332–339, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794532/>.
[31] Zhi-Kun Sun, Hong-Qi Yang, and Sheng-Di Chen, “Traditional Chinese medicine: a promising candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease,” Translational Neurodegeneration, vol. 2, p. 6, Feb. 28, 2013, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599149/>.
[32] See: Yeonju Lee, Jae-Chul Jung, Soyong Jang, Jieun Kim, Zulfiqar Ali, Ikhlas Khan, and Seikwan Oh, “Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Constituents Isolated from Rhodiola rosea,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, [vol. 2016,] Apr. 16, 2013, p. 514049, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652169/>.
[33] Ibid.
[34] See, e.g., Gou-ping Ma, Qun Zheng, Meng-bei Xu, Xiao-li Zhou, Lin Lu, Zuo-xiao Li, and Guo-Qing Zheng, “Rhodiola rosea L. Improves Learning and Memory Function: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms, Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 9, 2018, Dec. 4, 2018, p. 1415, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6288277/>.
[35] Granted, this experimentation was performed on fruit flies. See: Jasmin Arabit, Rami Elhaj, Samuel Schriner, Evgueni Sevrioukov, and Mahtab Jafari, “Rhodiola rosea Improves Lifespan, Locomotion, and Neurodegeneration in a Drosophila melanogaster Model of Huntington’s Disease,” BioMed Research International, [vol. 2018,] Jun. 10, 2018, p. 6726874, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015705/>.
[36] Act 4, Scene 5.
[37] Solomon Habtemariam, “The Therapeutic Potential of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Diterpenes for Alzheimer’s Disease,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Jan. 28, 2016, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4749867/>.
[38] This edible spice Saffron is certainly not to be confused with the highly poisonous “Meadow Saffron” (Colchicum autumnale), which is also sometimes referred to as Autumn Crocus. (For more on the latter, see HERE.)
[39] M. Farokhnia, Sabet Shafiee, N. Iranpour, A. Gougol, H. Yekehtaz, R. Alimardani, F. Farsad, M. Kamalipour, S. Akhondzadeh, “Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Crocus sativus L. With Memantine in Patients With Moderate to Severe Alzheimer’s Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial,” Human Psychopharmacology, vol. 29, no. 4, Jul. 2014, pp. 351-359, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25163440>.
[40] Like Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), Sage is sometimes smoked. Though one variety, Salvia divinorum, referred to as “Diviner’s Sage,” is reputed to be a hallucinogen.
[41] Adrian L. Lopresti, “Salvia (Sage): A Review of its Potential Cognitive-Enhancing and Protective Effects,” Drugs R&D, vol. 17, no. 1, Nov. 25, 2016, pp. 53-64, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318325/>. In particular, the study looked at Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) and Spanish Sage (Salvia lavandulifolia).
[42] Rammohan Rao, Olivier Descamps, Varghese John, and Dale Bredesen, “Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review,” Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, vol. 4, no. 3, Jun. 29, 2012, p. 22, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3506936/>.
[43] Not to be confused with American Spikenard (Aralia racemosa).
[44] See H. Joshi, M. Parle, “Nardostachys jatamansi Improves Learning and Memory in Mice,” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 9, no. 1, Spring, 2006, pp. 113-118, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579738>.